Iter montanuma
Quem tibi ego non essem ausus mittere, nisi eum lente, ac fastidiose probavissem. Ita
Garfagnana p. 31. II.r] II.v] III.r] III.v]
Primi itineris per Montes Specimenb Physico-medicum.
Ab Antonio Vallisnerio de Nobilibus de Vallisneria in Patavino Archyliceo Publicoc Primario Theoricae Professore, ac
Sapientiss.mi, et Praeclariss.mi Sodales toto Terrarum Orbe celeberrimi.
Quis putasset, Sodales Amplissimi, vim ingeniorum, atque praestantiam studiis obesse, quis rationem, rem divinissimam, nos obtundere, ac pene ineptos efficere ad assequendam veritatem? Dictu id mirum, et monstro simile, sed eventu facillimum, mentis enim curiosa subtilitas adeo pulchras effingit, et parturit opiniones, concinne adeo, arguteque mentitur, ut plerique hominum fucatis orationibus capti, et tanquam laqueis irretiti erroribus pro sapientia utantur, iisque semel placitis indormire malint, quam liberari. Conatae sunt aevi nostri Academiae, inter quas vestra eminet, torporem hunc nobis excutere ad experimenta lacessendo; mihi quoque fas sit ante pedes vestros rudem IV.r] libellum proiceree non dissimilia tentantem, res quippe habet visu compertas, non ingenio. Horridulus quidem est atque incomptus, sed veniam dabitis inter Alpes nascenti. Per aestivas vacationes ea mihi vicinis montibus inerrandi cupido incessit; nec tela prae manibus ad figendas feras, sed calami, et pugillares gestabantur ad venandam veritatem. Praecipuam utilitatis discipulorum meorum rationem habui, arcanos latices, et inexploratas fontium medelas illis in reditu monstraturus.
Descendite paululum, viri gravissimi, de sapientia illa, qua
Datam Patavii 1705
Addict.mus, et Obseq.mus famulus, et Sodalis
Antonius Vallisnerius IV.v]
All’
Sprezzerete forse,f o riveritissimi Accademici,g una filosofia, che si rampechi su per le balze più discoscese, e per inospiti monti cammini, e chiedendo risposte, dirò così, per imparareh il cupo genio della natura, e scoprir le sue leggi, da que’ tacitii orrori; mentre non pare, chej abbian che fare né punto, né poco luoghi aspri, e deserti dallak natura stessa abbandonati, col colto, e mite ingegno de’ filosofi, e segnatamente col vostro, dato solo alle muse più dilicate, ed agli studi più ameni. Scarseggiamo, potrete per avventura rimproverarmi, talmente delle ricchezze del vero, che dobbiamo partirsi da città fioritissime, dove sil coltivano con tanto ardore le belle arti, e le scienze, e portarsi, per acquistar la sapienza, dove appena poche orme di fiere ci guidano? Che cosa apportano alti scogli, acquem spezzate fra dirupi disaggradevoli, e terribilin caverne, seo non una spezie di confusione, e di oscurità agli occhi nostri, e timore e orrore alle menti? Così parmi di sentirvi parlare,p né so, che ridire, se non che confido, che queste mie alpestri osservazioni portate avanti di voi perderanno molto della sua nativa rozzezza, mentre la verità, benché col testimonio de’ monti, e delle voraggini scoperta, e quando sarà addimesticataq dalla gentile presenza di così nobile adunanza,r potrà facilmente cangiar aspetto, ed apparire più splendida,s e decorosa, nella maniera appunto, che veggiamo le deformi nuvole, se toccano la vicinanza del sole, divenir belle, e dilettevoli.
A mezzo agosto presi il cammino verso i monti, non solo, per rilassare alquanto l’animo mio oppresso da più severi studi, ma ancora, ad esemplo degli oltramontani (che, per vero dire, indefessamente s’affaticano per illustrare la natura, e ci rimbrottano, e cit rinfacciano un ozio vile, e infindo)4u per rintracciare le nostre mediche, e naturali ricchezze, che senza invidia d’alcuno su quelliv abbondevolmente si trovano. Mi pare,w o Signori, anche una cosa, che non siax priva del suo diletto, discenderey ora in profonde valli, ora calcare le somme cime de’ monti, e porre il capo infin le nuvole, oraz guardarsi all’intorno, e non vedere, che asprezza di terreno, e di cielo, dove attorniato da sole fiere, e da solo orrore vi si fomenta un non so che di grande, e degno di tante difficoltà, e dove allora un filosofoaa come maggior di seab stesso, posto sopra i popoli, e sopra le torri V.r] delle città, libero da ogni cura, e superiore ad ogni fortuna, senza lo strepito delle sonore scuole, tutto pien di natura tacito, e solo colla natura contrasta.ac V.v]
La prima cosa, che mi venne fatto vederead fu la nobileae zolfatara lontana un miglio da Scandiano, postaaf alle radici del Monte detto del Gesso,5 dietroag un piccolo rivoah che porta le acque nelai vicino Torrente Tresinara.6 Questo fu, cheaj scoprì la minera, mentre col radere ora daak un canto, ora dall’altro, strascinava uniti co’ sassi, e terre, e arene, pezzi di puro zolfo, che osservati sino ne’ tempi antichi diedero occasione di ricercare il luogo, doveal nasceva,am il quale, benché trovato, fu posto non so per quale scempiagginean in una subitaao dimenticanza. Sotto il Serenissimo Principe
Ill.mo, ac Spectatiss.mo viro etc.9
Reptantemay inter invias cautes Philosophiam, et a montium iugis petita responsa despicies merito, amicorum optime. Quid enim horridis locis, et a natura ipsa desertis cum cultissimo, atque mitissimo ingenio tuo? Adeone, inquies, laboramus inopia veri, ut a florentissimis civitatibus, ubi literae fervent, eundum sit pro sapientia comparanda, qua vix pauca ferarum vestigia nos ducant? Quid saxa praerupta, et fractis fontibus ululantia, quid nisi tenebras oculis, et pavorem mentibus afferunt? Haec te mihi videor exprobrantem audire, neque aliquid contra mussito. Montanasaz tamen observatiunculas, ubi manus tuas attigerint, horroris aliquid, et inconditae ruditatis posituras confido, nimirum veritas testimonio montium, atque voraginum indicata, contrectatione tanti viri, atque commercio facillime poterit in nitorem, decusque assurgere, quemadmodum videmus informes nubeculas, si tangantur vicinia solis, fieri formosas. Sed manus ad tabulam.
Ingressus sum iter dimidio Augusti montes versus, non solum relaxandi animi gratia, sed ut vix tactas a nostris opes medicas, et naturales, quibus abundant, rimarer. Sic
Consideranti mihi occurrit primo VIII.v] antrumba sulphuris a Scandiano uno lapide distans, quod in Collis Arcis Gypsi radicibus occidentem versus patet,bb brevibus tumulis circumseptum, atque graveolens. Excellensbc sulphuris minera est, acbd ad omnes vicinas, longinquasque etiam civitates explendas satis, superque ferax. Fossoribus imperat D.
Tam striae,bm quam glebae purum putum sulphur sunt, quarum interdum nonnullas adeo enormis magnitudinis invenere, ut supra quatuor centum libras ponderarent. Ita per bis centum passus cuniculiforme antrum extenditur, in quo aggeratim hinc inde levorsum, ac dextrorsumbn modo maiori, modo minori copia luxuriat. Non tamen semper in creta, vel marga illa infixumbo est sulphur. Quandoque in saxis tartareis durissimis alte figitur, quod sulphur caninum vocant, ob laborem, uti dicunt, caninum, ut eruatur. Sulphureae stiriae cretae impactae secant transversim eiusdem lamellas assulatim dispositas, quae uligine quadam lucida quasi oleosa ubique levigantur. Frequenter etiam sulphur saturi coloris lucidum, transparens, succinique adinstar reperitur, quod vivum, vel virginale dicitur,15 haeretque tartareis fluoribus, margae nunquam. Licet fere totus mons gypseus, interque patulos eiusdem hiatus, aut inter stratorum interstitia minera germinet, vixbp tamen aliquando sulphur intra gypsi viscera, vel eiusdem nudo cortici adhaerens invenitur.bq Imo ubi lapidis specularis, spati, gypsique fragmina16 reperiebantur, ibi fere nullum sulphur. Aqua tenuibr filo deorsum cadebat ab alto depluensbs inter cretam, lapidesque quosdam ita levigatos,bt ut aliquando a fluctibus agitatos diceres. Colorabat omnia, quae lambebat, progressu temporis ferrugineo quodam velo,bu salesque nitrosi17 cruciatim ut plurimum dispositi hinc inde extuberabant. In ima fodina sulphuris truncus,bv quem vocant filone, residet, a quo tot 4] veluti rami circumundique dispersi, cumbw pommisbx sparsim infixis nutrimentum sugunt, ac maturescunt. Latitudo eiusdem ad pedes sex, longitudo adby centum, usque adhuc exporrigitur. Inter saxa quaedam calcaria reconditur, quae aliquando a gypseis, tartareis,bz terreisque stratis disterminatur. Differtca a Romana, uti referebant fossores, vulgo canopi, quoniam ibi vena inter stratum, et stratum orizontaliter explanatur, fodiuntque puteos, ut ipsam eruant, scandianensis vero obliquecb inter orizontalem, verticalemque occidentem versus sitacc sequitur stratorum, seu crustarum montis modo rectos, modo curvatos ordines. Hinc illa per puteos, haec per cuniculos facilius, minoribusquecd impensis eruitur.ce Nec adeocf vastae purissimi sulphuris glebae romanis in fodinis reperiuntur, sed improbo labore illud excavant impurius, quodcg post ignem subviridi,ch ac dilutaci flavedine perfusum expertum est.cj Nostrum verock adcl citrinum flavocm saturum vergit, et virginale ad croceum. Acidis scilicet particulis vitriolum18 redolentibus illud abundat, pingui magis istud, et inflammabili substantia. Hinc nostrum minorem olei sulphuris portionem per enchirisim19cn donat. Ex quo sequitur, quod sulphurarii nostri morbis illis tentari non soleant, de quibus celeberrimus
Novumcq aerem caveacr haec a lateralibus cuniculis artefactis, sed ab alto romana bibit.cs Solstitioct cu tamen aestivo ab operibus otiari necesse est, eo quod adeo densi vaporum glomi erumpant, haereatque ita turbidus inter utrumque finem aeris motus, ut et lumina extinguantur, et homines. Nullae hic aestuant thermae, nulloque incendio, ut vulcaniis quibusdam in agris, torrentur arva, aut quia contrariae, vel ignivomae salium glebae, ex quibus lucta incandescit, desunt, aut quia per obstructa montis spiracula libera aeris percolatio, ex qua necessarium flammae pabulum, desideratur. X.r] X.v]cv Millenascw sulphuris libras quolibet anno elaborant, multosque opifices fodina recens ditat.
Nec sicco pede transire fas est, saluti labanti beneficia,cx quae passim porrigit. Primus ego foedissima etiam, et gallica scabie21 laborantes ad sulphureum laboratorium, tamque ad anchoram sacram22 misi, ut dum ignescit, ac percolatur sulphur fumocy pannos, lintea, manus, subuculas, totum corpus imbuerent, ac saturarent, ex quo post paucos dies felicissime sanescebant.cz 5] Primis sane diebus pustulae exasperantur, tumentque, despumato scilicet a scoriis, crudisqueda recrementis sanguine, sed paulatim aridis cadentibus crustis, exuto veluti squammoso senio, reflorescit cutis. Interfectis enim vermiculis, qui rodendo, ac perforando scabiei primaria causa existunt, refermentatoque cruore, ac per hiantes volvulosdb data illa occasione quicquid impuritatis in suo sinu fovebat, elutriato, voluptuosum illum Plinii dolorem,23 ac inamabilem scalpuriginem exuunt. Iddc quod etiam obtinent, si, ea aqua, quae sulphuri fundendo,dd et in subiectos modulos <… > descensuro praeit,de pluries abluantur. Antequam enim sulphurea vena, vel frustillatim contrita minera in candentibus ollis liquescat, ac igne concepto tumens in contigua vasa fistulosum delabatur rostrum, ut exeat, pars aquea salibus multigenis, spirituque sulphureo imbuta prius attollitur, et e rudi veluti alembico per inferam cannulam stillansdf in amaro-acidum, potuque immitem liquorem abit. Huncdg sine medicorum consilio paucis ab hinc diebus haemopthyxicus excipulum bibebat rusticus, stulte sibi sapiens. Credebat enim, quod si solo sulphuris fumo morbosae pectoris partes revalescunt, eodh magis, si se medicatis illis, ac minera imbutisdi undis ingurgitaret. Sed res contrariadj voto successit.dk Scissisdl nam ulteriusdm a salibus illis acutisdn antrosi, facilisque visceris canalibus, fere totam evomuit purpureamdo animam.24
Et quo coniicere licet, quanto errore plectantur illi, uti supralaudatus notabat
Ludentem etiamec videbamus amicum, qui sulphur virginale nummoed cuiuslibet metalli superimponendo, deinde illud flammulae candelae accendendo, crustam bellule postea, remanente adhuc eadem effigie, ac characteribusee in nummoef defervefacto tollebat integram. Quod impostoribus fallendi, philosophis docendi campum praebet. XI.v]
Neceg sola cutiseh externaei opes accensi subej dio sulphuris sentit. Asthmaticos, phytisicosque saepeek sanatos vidimus, prorsus, ac indecepto nostro eventu,el si diu balsamicos, ac detergentes illos halitus absorbeant, ac tolerent.em Tantaeen molis est diversum mixtorum ingenium cognoscere, et dato tempore naturae, non morbo favere. XII.v]eo Necep antiquieq nostri quando alias sulphuris fodina eruebatur, aeris medicati salubritatem ignorabant. Fundamenta extant adhuc xenodochii supra tumulum minerae proximum erecti pestilentiali quodamer tempore, provido sane consilio.
Moleculisez adeo activis, et penetrantibus pollet, ut, dum in primis internis ollis liquescit, per earundem porulos pars volatilior erumpens externumfa veluti velamen variosfb trahens colores afc lambentibus flammis perpetuo accensum efformat.
Ut autem omnes huius minerae partes abiectofd usque adhuc latentis silentio, vel natura, vel arte laboratas tibi breviter perstringam, liceat harum elenchum enumerare, quas nuperrime Ill.mi D. Comitis
Haec parvula igitur et ego lubens, sulphureae nempe nostratis minerae seriem, in obsequii tesseram maximo viro dicabam.
1Sulphuris puri purissimam glebam media marga extractam, ponderis lib. VII.
2Gypsi fragmentum ponderis lib. VI, cui tanquam ramum aliquod, sulphur nativum adhaeret.
3Margam scissilem, seu cretam uliginosam lamellatam compactam ex sulphuris cavea. Lib. 3 unc. III.32
4Minores alias sulphureas glebas, tanquam resinosa terrae tubera, margae adhuc infixas. Lib. V unc. VI.
5Strias sulphuris vivi,33 aut virginis fere diaphani electriformis gypso inhaerentes, 7] eodemque in segmento alias strias sulphuris communis pallidiusculi margae impactas. Lib. IIII.
6Terram pinguem arcano sulphure imbutam,fi quae licet glebis, striisve sulphureis careat, igne tamen mollitur, ac in resinosum chalcantosa34 parvafj licet, turgens aciditate liquamenfk tenuatur. Lib. VI.
7Cretam subalbidam cum tartareis fluoribus, ac sulphure virgine. Lib. IIII unc. X.
8Elegans purissimi sulphuris glomeramen saxi pallentis figuram referens. Lib. II unc. X.
9Tria virginei sulphuris fragmina35 colore, ac diaphaneitate succino simillimafl propriae matrici adhaerentia. Unc. VIII.
10Aliam sulphuris virginis massulam36 terrae subalbae lapidefactae, veluti dicunt tartarissatae implantatam. Unc. X.
11Terram subalbam pinguem, et veluti butyrosam,37 quam esse prima sulphuris rudimenta censent fossores. Unc. IX.
12Sulphur evanidum friabile, pulvereum, quod putrefactum diceres, margae inustum, vel forsan nimis antiquum, aut in suis primordiis non bene coctum, aut in aliqua parte deficiens, quicquid nonnulli putentfm auctores. Lib. <I>.
13Tartareos fluores eleganter sulphureis flosculis respersos. Lib. I.
14Caput mortuum,38 vel terram multicavam, quasi tophaceam, ex qua sulphur extractum fuit, in ollarum fundo residentem, quae dum exhauritur, si pinguis adhuc accensa est, laborantium vultum cadaverico inficit colore, per multumque temporis adhuc elegantissimis imbuta coloribus splendet. Lib. V.
15Saxa viva diversae magnitudinis rotunda, quondam fluctibus fortasse agitata, quae adinvicem quasi manu superimposita variis in fodinae locis reperiuntur. Num. III lib. II.-37mm
16Fuliginem fornacum sulphuris. Lib. V.
17Flores sulphuris39 ab extimis vasorum externorum parietibus derasos. Unc. VIII.
18Sulphuris massam ignis torturam experti, ac percolati lib. IIII. 8]
Partefn montis sinistra,fo quae ad orientem, meridiemque vergit, pyrites40 incertaefp figurae extant quamplurimi,fq sicuti lapilli aereo colore perfusi, ac viscosae, sterilesque margae multicolores, non incerta prorsus subditae mineraefr fs argumenta. Duplexft pyritarum genus, alterum quod in humido frustillatim dissolvitur, nitroque aereo41 facile florescit, alterum aeternum est, ac immutabile.42 Sulcatur huius montis dorsum hinc inde a rivulis, qui omnes in unum rivum, vulgo Riazzone43 coeunt, cuius ripae innumera maris cimelia reservant, antalos44 nempe striatos, leves, asperos, tubulos vermiformes,45 pectines,46 conchas, buccinula, turbines,47 glossopetras, vel canis carcariae dentes (quos nonnulli male sagittas, alii linguas serpentis lapidefactas vocant),48 maris umbilicos,49 cochleas diversiformes, echinosque,50 licet raro, marinos. Haec in arenaceo reperiuntur solo cinerei coloris, atque salsuginoso, palumbis, ovibus, capris, iumentisque omnibus, in cibum licet pessimum, gratissimo. Tota haec regio Gabellumfu usque (Secchia),51 ubi huiuscemodi terra squallet, aequoreis ditescit exuviis. Nunquam lapidefactae salinis immixtae tabulatisfv reperiuntur, imo dum a cadentibus pluviis deraso terrae, sabulique cortice apparent, si diu sole,fw frigoribusque torrescant, friabiles primo evadunt, et tandem calcis adinstar in tenuissimum pollinem fatiscunt.fx Hinc non inconsulto a pharmacopaeo quodam, mefy annuente, pro edulcurantibus, ac sudoriferis febribusfz in malignis, aliisque morbis in quibus acidum praevalet, rustico praescribuntur popello, non improspero sane successu. Sabulum etiam aureis lamellis,ga bracteolisque talciformibus prope eruitur, quod cribratum, et lotum tum ad pulvereas clepsydras, tum ad vitragb expolienda conducit. Carbo petrae, et ligna fossilia tum lapidefacta, tum adhucgc intacta hinc inde excavantur,52 vel in soli ruentis hiatibus deteguntur, ita ut ubique patentia 9] pelagigd trophaea quondam haec montana littora diverberantis appareant. Non diversi enim ingenii, etge structurae sunt, ac nuper a me observati tumuli, et colles, qui non procul ab Adriatico mare, quogf Athesis53 suum pensum vehit, existunt.
Plurimi in praedictis montium, colliumque fimbriis fontes a Ternario turrente (Tresinaro) usque ad Gabellum,gg amari, salsi, sulphurei, dulces. Facta humoris evaporatione sedimentum dedere primi gypseum, secundi salino-nitrosum,gh sulphureo-terreumgi tertii, candidum veluti terrae virginis ultimi.54 In sanguinis profluviis, diarroeis, vomitu, et similibus morbis non sine laude pauperculis aliquando primas aquas praescripsimus, asthmaticis, cachecticis, hyppocondriacis, ac in verminosa colluvie secundas, et tertias, ac generaliter, ubi aestuatgj sanguis, ultimas. Sic ubique natura parens velificat, et egregia,gk nulliusque impensae praesidia languentibus aegris parat. Uvae, quae in gypseis collibus dulcissimaegl maturescunt, gypsum occulto redolent, quarum vina sensim sine sensu ad nephriticam affectionem deducunt. Sic epotae per longum tempus nonnullae horum collium aquae stomaci dolores, anxietates, obstructiones, virginibus pallores, et alias labes, ac scelera partibus invehunt.gm
Parte dexteragn montis Gypsi occidentem versus non procul a planitie supra inferiorem clivum expansa, quae vocatur Armorum Pratum (eo quod hispani milites gypsi arcem quondam aggressuri tentoria 10] ibi explicuerunt)55 ex marga minerali subrubra turbinati colles assurgunt,go in quibus marchasitae multae, et maximae molis reperiuntur, nigrique, ac vario colore intertexti durissimi lapilli. Silices etiam subcineritios inveni,56 ignobile quoddam invisum adhuc pyritarum genus, scabro,gp et rimoso cortice indutum, quod chalybe allisum copiosae flammae semina emittit.57gq Sed quod perrarum est, eodem in loco supra lapides ferrugineos mediocris consistentiae striatos, et particulari quodam succo terrestri confectos observabam veluti ungulas lapidefactas arcte adhaerentes modo solitarias, binas modo, modo quaternas, insolenti sane oculorum spectaculo. Quid sint, vel quid fuerint dubius adhuc haereo. Figuramgr aspice secundam.58 Semidigitum59gs longitudine non excedunt in obtusum desinentes mucronem, qui prius fasciola veluti subalbida circundatur. Lineae omnes, veluti longitudinales fibrae a praedicta fascia superficialiter tantum involutae, in fastigium desinunt retusum. Basim versus cavitatulam habent ovalem alte impressam. Si lente aspiciantur admodum rugosae, velutique a vermiculis erosae intus, et in cute apparent. Mucro entaligt canini materiam, ac imaginem refert quodam lucido delinitam plasmate. Per medium scissae, quae fibrae videbantur, lamellae sunt adinvicem inosculatae tartaro lucido, terrestrique ferrumine induratae, atque intersectae, quagu materia sine ordine disposita intus replentur. Saxum, cui adglutinantur friabile admodum est, variisque concretis tartareis lucidis fluoribus figurae diversae hinc inde refertum. Terra rubro-cinerea,gv bracteolis superimpositis, tartaro, salibusque conflatum videtur. Consului nuper magnum naturae magistrum
Cornicula pariter non longe in rivulo quandoque deteguntur, etgz eadem sunt, eodem adstipulante clarissimo viro, quae ad fungitas refert
Primus hiche collium ambitus plurimohf abundat, ut innuebam gypso spato, lapide speculari pulcherrimo vulgo scaiola, arabico etiam lapide ebori simillimo,hg calcario caementario siliceo, arenosohh tophaceo vivo, marmoreo, undoso flaviusculis scilicet variis coloribus elegantissime picto, quorum nonnulli in mea Lapidum Marmorumque Serie non infimum obtinent musei locum.67
Lapis, seu alumen speculare scandianense, quod alii selenitem, et talcum vocant,68 ut plurimum figura trapeziades dici potest, quadrilateris irregularibus, seu trapetiishi planis terminatum. Misit ad me supradictus
Sed altius ascendamus, amice, ingratosquehk fines relictos a tergo salutemus.hl Post quinquehm circiter a Scandiano lapides asperrima, et sterilishn terrae facies infra montium ruinas inexpectato horrore quosdamho terret, quosdam delectat. Infernum monticolae vocant, non improprio naturae loci vocabulo. Praeruptae tumulorum ambages vorticoso, et inaccessibili circuitu in praecipites abyssoshp desinunt, vix sine timore oculis ipsis pererrandos. Nulla plantula, nec muscus quidem, scabros, ac inamoenos cortices induit, soli sterilitati sacros. Fastigiata ubiquehq parvula iuga, creta adeoque viscosa, coacta,hr et 13] compacta, ut a pluviis cadentibus vix paucis sulcis annorum gyro perarentur. Auget triste spectaculum rudis colorum varietas, quae diversis, alternatisque veluti zonis nigris, rubeis, ferrugineis, flaviusculis, albis modo striatim, modo cochleatim, modo undatim dispositishs clivos omnes tumultuarie fasciat, et exornat.75 Nigri, ac durissimi lapides hinc inde erumpunt,ht qui scissihu plerumque micas aureashv in suo sinu recondunt.76 Hinc sub inospito illo squallore mineram aliquam auream, veluti thesaurum condidisse naturam nonhw immerito suspicantur nonnulli.
Altera ex parte septentrionem versus transhx Ternarium Torrentemhy aliud non iniucundum philosophorumhz oculis oblectamentum. Ebullit, pallet, mugit solumia perpetuo fumans, ac fluxile. Salsamib (salsa) vocant locum illum incolae Querzolae ob caementum salsum, quod coquit, et expuit illa naturae perennis, utic ita dicam, et incombustibilis olla.77 Diceres accensum continuo latitare ignem, cum nocturno praecipue tempore, quando furit, una cum saxis, fluidoque limo flammas eructet. Ter centum montisid pedes circiter occupat, sed fervoris locus non ubique turget, et sedem saepe mutat.78 Proiecimus saxa, quae non sine profundo strepitu descenderunt in baratrum. Interdum et animalia minora,ie et incautos absorbuit boves, quos postea coctos, absumptos, et fere exosses evomuit. Cum ultra solitumif acrius mugit, tuto futuram pluviam praenunciat, sonusque bombardarum boatui aemulus etiam ad propinquiores terras, oppida, et Regium usque interdum extenditur. Tremit 14] quandoque circumundique per milliaria quassata tellus, vidimusque largis hiatibus semidirutam domum secreto huius impulsu. Brevi contrahamus omnia stylo. Parvulam Aetnam ridens diceres, grandiaig si paucis assimilare licet. Et haec enimih suo modo tonat, suo modo fulminat,ii ac ruinasij minatur. Et haec
Interdum lapides, avulsaque viscera montis
erigit eructans, liquefactaque saxa sub auras
cum gemitu glomerat, fundoque exaestuat imo.79
Non insalubris eiusdem aqua punctuoik scaturiens armentis in potu gratissima, multisque morbis solamen a viscoso, praecipue frigidoque humore nascentibus.80il Lutum eiusdem salsum tumores antiquos egregie resolvit, scabies delet, stagnans serum potenter exsiccat, nervis contractis ex cruda lympha vel synovia crassa prodest,81 et crura aedematosa reliquis surda remediis recreat. Rustici erisipellati etiam eumim imponunt non sine fructu, maculasque tandem exteriores praecipue oleosas bibax illa terra delet etc.82 Non procul petroleum e radice montis stillitat,in sed inobservatum, lutoque immixtum dispergitur.
Multa in vicino torrente qui Fassanus dicitur83 saxa alba sylvis, arborum ramis, serpentiformibus gyris aliisque lusibus subfusce depictis reperiuntur, qui referri possuntio ad lapides arborinos, dendritas,ip vel etiam phycites forte Plinii Lib. XLVII C. 10,84 de quo fusius
Nec globuli lapidei, quos non procul inveni, inglorio silentio involvendi sunt. Fatigarunt et isti, fatigantque eruditos scriptorum calamos. Candidi sunt, lucentes, atque adinvicem novo superadveniente glutine ferruminati. Sunt et isti verus stalagmites, de quibus
Balistam proximo mane tetigimus (Valestra),92 quae celebris adhuc ob virgiliana carmina, quae saxei montis limbo insculpta, et ob temporis iniuriam fere erosa vix leguntur.
Monte sub hoc lapidum tegitur Balista sepultus.
Nocte dieque tutum carpe viator iter.93
Erat ille ludimagister, sed famosissimus latro, qui nomen Patriae, et cui
Fere totus saxeus est mons cum stratis fere perpendicularibus, hinc exsuccus, et nativis fontibus vacuus. Inosculantur se adinvicem ingentia saxa turres altissimas, et scopulosis minaces aemulantia,it meridiemque versus aliquantulum antrosa.95 Firmiter incolae credunt ibi latitare thesaurum, multique saepe sacrilego murmurarunt ore, ut ipsum eruerent. Non iniucundam etiam narratiunculam effutiunt, quae apud me bella fabella est, apud bardos illos rusticos memorabilis historia. Liceat, amice carissime, sepositoiu parumper rerum physicarum pondere, severitatem naturae interserta lepiditate mulcere. Arabat,iv inquiunt, in viciniis montis 16] colonus terram, dum bini advenae nigris insidentes equis ipsum interpellarunt, ubi Mons Balistae, quo protenso licet digito demonstrato, sibi eum comitem voluerunt. Ut perventum est ad saxum,iw ubi specus sine postibus olim hiabat, inducitix statim viso non amplius limen ostio, quodiy ut recluderent, claves inter vicinas vepres reconditas secura manu extraxere. Remotis pessulis, primisque foribus laxatis, novum ostium ferreum apparuit,iz quo pariter recluso, in porticum situ, et fuligine tetra squallidam derivabant, inde in amplum cubiculum fornice scabro, pendulisque tophisja minax, ac dubia luce teterrimum. Ibi aureum erigebaturjb simulacrum, numinumque idola gemmis, et auro nitentia, quorum in ambitu stabant urnae vitreae, atque marmoreae humanis ossibus ustis, et cinereojc pulvere luridae, variisque attonito rustico characteribus ignotis insculptae. Ad maioris simulacri pedes plumbeum iacebat scrinium, cuius distinctis in loculis phyalae, pyxidulaequejd servabantur variis liquoribus, ac arcanis pulveribus refertae. Lychnus etiam prolymyxus accensus adhuc, sed fumosus magis, quam lucidus novumje terrorem quassatis pectoribus ingeminabat. Nec deerant aliis in arculis nummi, aurea monilia, gemmarumque grande patrimonium. Tolle, dixerunt advenae, tolle quantum auri tuam possit implere famem,jf primique, exemplo viam monstrante, sacculosjg equorum dorso imponendos gravarunt. Sequutus licet trepidans exemplum, sese quantum potuit, stipatis ubique nummis, implevit, spe 17] concepta, ventura nocte, redeundi cum vectorio curriculo, et sacras plutoni gazas, et regale, ac memorandum annalibusjh ruris depopulandiji thesaurum. Interea discesseruntjj advenae, clausisque ostiis,jk claves rursus intra proximum vepretum iecere.jl Tunc avarus agricola curarum plenus, animoque magna spe saturo, nullis observantibus, summoque noctis silentio redivit ad asperum clavium reconditorium, manuque callosa spretis spinarum aculeis proiectas quaerebat claves. Sed, dum iam intra volam credebat,jm viperas in funiculum contortas, ac immane sibilantesjn strinxit, spe delusus inani
Transivit vicissimjp in metum stupor, in stuporem metus, vixque vacabat timere miranti, aut admirari timenti. Vivunt adhuc talis rustici nepotes, inter Balistenses ditiores, quosjq quoniam suis arrisit fortuna negotiis,jr ingenio, et industria caeteris eminentibus,js arte quorundam externorum necromantica divitiae partae creduntur. Sedjt ne nimis extra oleas divagemur,97ju e diverticulo rursus in viam.98
Ad Quarae thermas,jv jw vel ut antiqui ad aquarium balneum sequenti die appulimus, locum antiquitus medicatis aquis tota Europajx celeberrimum, nunc ipsis conterraneis vix notum.99
Tranatoko torrente Rubianam107 tetigimus, ubi antiquissimum, et marmoreum non ignobile templum ab illustri
Superato montis clivo meridiem versus Vitriolae tinctorios fontes, tanquam paratos a natura gratuitos infectores, admirati sumus. Hinc non inconsulto sagaces antiqui Vitriolae nomen ruri indiderunt, ob vitriolicas, aut atramentosas aquas, quibus abundat.110 Obstupesces, amice, si Boeoticos amnes111 aemulaturos fontes prodo. Obscuriku sunt, quia nullus adhuc scriptor montana nostra dignatus est delibare miracula. Oves ad quasdam prodigiosas lymphas nigrae tendant, albae discedant, hic albae vestes immerguntur, extrahuntur nigrae contrario eventu, aequali miraculo. Non spernenda beneficentiakv paupertati sylvestris populi sine impensis duraturos colores Magna Mater impertiens consulit, locorumque inclementiam rerum raritate compensat. Emergunt e prati fundo Draconem versus, orasque fontium superando per declive solum in dicti torrentis alveum devolvuntur. Horum aqua limpida est, saporis omnis expers, terram tamen, lacustresque herbas, quas lambit, flavo-ferrugineo colore inficit. Innatat ipsi, telae adinstar subtilissimae, materia levis iridis colores aemulans, quae exsiccata pollinem aureolum dabat. Lutum in imis nigerrimum est, aptissimumque tinctorio operi. In his medicatis fontibus agrestis populus pannos lineos, 21] lanasque nigrat, non sine tamen praecedenti aliqua preparatione, ut intimius saturentur. Prius igitur tingendas vestes in aqua simplici una cum castanearum iulis, vel earundem phyliris,kw sive libris coquunt, et macerant, deinde hoc simplici magisterio paratas per horas 24 in luto fontium immersas abscondunt, quo bis, vel ter repetito nil nigrius apparet. Neque praetereundum est, quod vestes ita infectae diutius durant, quam non infectae, contrario prorsus exitu, ac illiskx accidit, quae a nostris tinctoribus communi methodo tinguntur. Erodit scilicet infusum atrox vitriolum occulto mucrone telarum filamenta, quaeky temporis progressu etiam in arculis reservata sensim truncantur. Cur autem infusum, non cognatis aquis innatum, sive furtim liquatum ita operetur, tibi cogitandum relinquo. Si ziziphinumkz colorem expetunt, pannos prius radicibus mori,112 sive salicis alpinaela folio alni rotundo,113 vel aliarum etiam salicum fluminibus innascentium decoquunt, deinde modo dicto immergunt. Alios etiam eruunt, ac eruerentlb colores, si diligens aliquis arcanorum naturae scrutator plura sedulo celebraret experimenta. Nondumlc ld usque adhuc in usum venere medicum, sed nullus dubito, quod in omnibus illis morbis, in quibus aliae aquaele vitriolicae praescribuntur, non conveniant, imo aliis palmam non praeripiant. Vitriolum enim satis blandum, ac fere innocenslf in suo sinu fovent,lg non asperum, non fixum, non rigidum, non erosivum, hinc et renibus, et stomaco, et hepati aestuoso, et sanguini fervido, etlh utero laxo, aliisque corporis partibus suo tono languentibusli auxiliari posse, minimelj dubitamus. Si rursus aliquando pedem Patriae figam, eas experiri gestit animus, rogantes interimlk tot praestantissimosll medicos concives meos, ut experientiaslm celebrare non dedignentur, sibique famam aegris salutem, Patriae utilitatem asciscent.ln XIII.r] XIII.v]
Draconemlo ingressi propinquum, torrentem scilicet illum infidum, saxisque ingentibus asperum, cui quolibet anno sorslp adversa aliquem victimat, invenimus. Colores lapidum huius diversi, rubei nempe, virides, nigri, flavi, albi in glareoso fundo quasi tessulatim dispositilq ad amussim maculosa draconis tergora aemulabantur. Hinc fortasse nomen, praeter serpentinos hinc inde gyros, reptatumque sursum versum, ac semperlr oblique fluentem.
In nulla marmora ab hoc Medolam,114 cuius limbum torrens dictus undis lambit, accessimus.ls 22] Arx eratlt antiqua, inaccessibilis hostibus, supra saxum horrendum, scopulumvelu rubro-livescentemlv posita, quae vicinis omnibus iura dabat.
Nunc exigua priscae gloriae fundamina rimis minacibus irreparabilia supersunt. Hinc, atque hinc vasti montes, quorum dexter fusca quadam rubedine perfusus, scruposus, sterilis, mineralibus exhalationibus torrefactus apparet. Multas pyrites argenteas, aeneasque invenimus, multosque lapides viridi colore perfusos,116 quorum lateribus materia quaedam flaviuscula, succini adinstar, adhaerescebat. Concreti cautes tartaro, minimislx lapillis globulosis, mineramque redolentibus refertily ubique solum exasperabant. Fodinae initium sub praerupto saxo hiabat, ex qua auream, vel argenteamlz venam exhaurire credentes, crudam, solum sterilemque cupream (uti referunt) inveneram.ma Parte laeva latus montis non adeo immensis saxismb firmatum a subterraneismc erodentibus aquis evisceratum in praeceps quondam ruens Medolae templum,117 in inferna planitie positum, domosque inhumavit. Huiusmodi frequentes ubique apparent ruinae, ex quibus divulsis, ut ita dicam,md montium costis,me deiectisque rupibusmf summa decrescunt, ima surgunt, locorumque faciemg mutata, quaerit quaqua calcatur, sese antiqua natura, nec invenit. Ab aquis scilicet, nivibusque solutis a supremis vicini Apenini verticibus per tabulatorummh scissuras ruentibus adeo lubrica terrae macerantur, rodunturquemi fundamenta, ut tandem ab ingenti superincumbente pressura laxentur. Vocant has incolae salacte, sive lavine,118 quas praecipue, ubi fontium scaturigines extillant, nec strata lapidea subsunt passim vidimus. 23]
Summum tandem Apeninummj montes, quos antiqui Leti,mk
Nec locus ingenio est, oculi te iudice vincunt.122
Arbitrabamur etiam, uti
Sed te ridentem video, amice carissime, quod parvo ex itinere, minimisque observatiunculis tam immensa metiar. Quod non amplectar vulgatam, Italisque praecipue ingeniis alte inhaerentem
Quid tu, vir doctissime, qui tam claro polles ingenio, de istis cogites, scire peropto. Refrica, precor, non callosum adhuc ulcus, et me vel fac doctiorem, vel silere in posterum iube. Tu enim ex illis non es, qui veritatem ad suum arbitrium temperet, ac inter mendacia quicquid palato non arriserit, reponat. Iniurius est in homines, in universamno naturam, in Deumque scriptor ille, qui phylautia detentus aliorum omnia deridet, seque solum ad tacitam, fumosamque lucernam cuncta Caeli, Terraeque negotia videre credit. Ruditatem in omnibus, sed in istis praecipue fateor meam. Quid sentias etiam, 27] ut aperias,np quaeso, de Aquae dulcis fonte, Venetiis, mirante populo, dum Canalem Regium excavabant, exantlato, uti te per litterasnq certiorem feci;132 quid de prosilientibus aquis etiam dulcibus e fundo maris, observante
Ast incepti itineris vota sequamur, quidque denuo curiosis oculis devorabam faxo ut intelligas. Saepe videbam in substratis agrisob cadentes imbres, et humida, spissaque caligine caelum triste, meoc sudo aere fruente. Mihi aliquid tunc videbatur, habere caput non solum inter, sed supra nubes, et audire subiectaod pedibus tonitrua, infimumque Iovem, ut ita dicam, fulmina vibrantem. Videbam,oe et immersas nubibus ipsis regiones integras, vastamque veluti nebulosam planitiem ad amussim orizontaliter positam, cuius variis in locis modoof unus vortex, modo alter ex improviso contortus hiabat. Tunc obscuro miscebatur caelum murmure, raucoque nostris auribus sono tonabat. Exog quo tonitru, ac vorticosi fulminis generationem, fragorisque promiscui causam quasi fidis oculis exhauriebam. Non etenim ibi fabulosa antiparistasis136 ultimis cogebat ignem frigoribus, sed omnia ex lege motus, corporumque contrario nisu prementium, ventorum etiam flabellis urgentibus exoriebantur. 29]
In istis Alpibus saepe crystalloides, et crystalli reperiuntur, quarum color in nonnullis subniger, figura mirabilis. Nemo enim esset, qui laboratas arte non crederet, cum quaedam in medio sui circumambiantur elegantissima fascia ex sex paralellogrammis rectangulis, quae terminatur utrinque a tribus triangulis equicruris, seu isoselis, quam figuram tamen nuper etiam observabam, licet non adeo exactam, in quibusdam hyacintis boemicis.137oh Adsunt et crystalloides partibus constantes, quarum aliae paralellopipedam figuram, aliae vero ad prismaticam accedere videntur, sicuti aliae, quae ad tetraedricam, aliae ad octaedricam vergunt. Uteros etiam crystallinos ab Euganeis non multum abludentes,138oi nonnullosque a
Emenso primo Apeninorum iugo, rivuli, atque torrentes contrario cursu, diviso veluti aquarum imperio, Mare Tyrrhenum versus descendunt.op oq Tuncor oculis obiicitur Caferoniana Provincia frequentibus oppidis, vicisqueos populosa, benigniori fruens caelo, terraeque uberiori fertilitate laetissima. Arcent enim septentrionales gelidissimos halitus praealta Apeninorum dorsa, quae furentem ventorum rabiem in se recipiunt, et frangunt. Sub imo montis limbo Castrum novum151ot visitur, provinciae caput, tum nascente, tum vesperascente die nebulis, ut plurimum obductum. Si montes enim montibus, si colles collibus iungantur per flexuosa intervalla saepe mephitis exhalationum urbes incommodat. Hinc etiam saepius febricitat septicollis Roma,ou dicebat
Mellifluus noster
Qui, dove argenteo il corso
la Turrita discioglie, e seco viene
a maritarsi innamorato il Serchio,
e sul meriggio al dorso
del gran Padre Apenin opache scene
di rintrecciati faggi alzan coperchio;
merto mio no, soverchio
favor del gran
e fe’ ne’ regni suoi regnar mia fede.
Qui lieto vivo, e mentre
di lui canta il mio plettro, Eco da lunge
ossequiosa il suo bel nome alterna:
pensier, che si concentre
a intorbidarmi il cor qua su non giunge,
e seren parmi il ciel, quando ancor verna. XIV.r]
Temer di spada esterna
questi monti non san: fiumi innocenti
portano al mar gli immacolati argenti.
Con voce bellicosa
curvo oricalco a travagliar non desta
l’inerme abitator d’umil capanna:
de la greggia lanosa
i mariti rival con dura testa
solo a pugnar tal volta amor condanna,
e la stridente canna
del pastorel, che non lontan rimbomba
ai cozzanti guerrier serve di tromba.
I preziosi umori,
di cui ferito il nobil seno allaga
negli arabici boschi arbor sovrano
perdon gli usati onori
qui, dove occhio mortal uscir di piaga
stilla non vede mai di sangue umano;
se pur incauta mano
non trafigge talor d’acuta spina
pungente spoglia di castagna alpina.
Maestre de’ pensieri
rupi per nostro esempio al Ciel sospinte,
selve, in onta de’ lussi, erme, et inculte,
oh come volentieri
tra i vostri orror le sue speranze estinte
l’ambizioso cor lascia sepulte,
che pur, che l’alma esulta
de la sua dolce libertà contento
fo di tutte mie glorie erede il vento.154ow XIV.v] XV.r] XV.v]ox
Multa sane de hac regione vera, multa poetarum more figmenti, atque adulationis fuco delinit. De hac nosoy quoque minus eleganti, sed sincero magis calamo in rudem recollectaoz fasciculum nonnulla quae ad hominum historiam etiam extra meum scopum dicere, neque inutile, neque supervacaneum forsan existimamus, cum ab antiquis geographis, atque historicis vix delibatam, a recentioribus aut nominetenus tantum indicatam, aut, quasi obscura regiuncula, oscitanter praetermissam, non sine indignante stomaco reperiamus.
Dicitur vulgo Garfagnana, latine Caferoniana ab Oppido Caferoniano nomen mutuata, in Tirenis stationibus, agrisve sito Lucam inter, ac destructam Lunam.155 Ita vocabatur illud a Feronia nemorum, libertorum, fertilitatisque, ac deliciarum dea, quam Iunonem arbitrabantur, sicuti
Nec scriptores Prisci de hanc provincia penitus siluerunt.
Sunt qui credunt
Circaeumque iugum, queis Iuppiter Anxuris arvis
praesidet, et viridi gaudens Feronia luco.170
Sed errore plectuntur,
His fractus ductor convelli signa maniplis
optato laetis habitu iubet, itur in agros
dives ubi ante omnes colitur Feronia luco
et sacer humectat fluvialia rura Capenas.182
Variis regio haec finibus clauditur, quos verbis ex
Figuram navis provincia haec sortitur, quae inter Apenini radices, atque Paniam curvata laetae fertilitatipe velificat. Pania Mons184 est asperrimus, sterilis, nudus, vix feris notus, ita forsan a Poenia paupertatis dea185 vocatus. Bargam186 nunc orientem versus habet, a meridie praedictam Paniam, Montem Team187 a Ponente, qui eam a Lunensi agro disterminat, et a septentrione XVII.v] Apeninorum iuga tenet. Multis torrentibus, rivulis, fontibus, fluviisque perennibus, ac limpidis perluitur, qui variis exquisitissimis ditescunt piscibus, inter quos trutae celebres ad irritamenta gulae magnatum, principumque mensas exornant. Primum Serchius188 sibi vindicat locum a
Antiquitus cum Arno immiscebatur, ut innuere videtur
Id quod etiam
De hoc etiam
Rastro iussit parere furentem.200
Amnis hic, ut multi alii, adorationem antiquorum meruit ob
Laxatur haec provincia in aliquas valles, in multosque colles curvatur scopulis etiam praeruptis, saxisque ingentibus aspera nemoribus hinc inde sylvescit. Metallorumpi est dives. Granis, vino, canape, fructibus, oleribus, piscibus non caret. Carnibus vero, XVIII.v] caseo, castaneis ad abundantiam usque luxuriat, hic illa satis ad sobrietatem, haec ut plurimum ad satietatem pro vicinis etiam exuberant. Nec ibi venatica desiderantur, cumpj ad delicias, tum ad pecorum custodiam. Antiquitus enimpk saepe cum ursis, nunc cum lupis, taxis atque vulpeculis saepepl res est.
Homines ut plurimum parvi corpore, colore maior pars subfusco, torosa, et fortis, semper ad arma parata, in subitam iram prona, vindictae avida, iniuriarum memor, acuti, ac versatilis ingenii, exteris amica, hospitalitatis amantissima, suo domino fida, literis apta, naturali amoenissimo Tuscorum pollens eloquio, hilaris cantu, saltuque vivida, in mecanicis ingeniosa, mercibusque sollicita.
Quinque,pm et nonaginta vicos, multasque villas, et rura tenet, quorum omnium caput primum Castrumnovum est, secundum Camporgianus,208 tertium Trasilicus.209 Vigintiquatuor mille circiter colonos alit, ut in notulis, aut catalogis scribarum, et cancellariorum anni 1626 legere est.
Dividitur nunc tota Caferoniana in tres partes pro gubernando aptius populo, quas antiquo vocabulo Vicarias adhuc appellant,pn quoniam a Vicario, idest Imperatoris, aut alterius Principis supremi vices gerente XIX.r] regebantur, qui nunc Rationis Dux (Capitano di Ragione) dicitur.
Prima est illa Castrinovi, ubi Gubernator residet cum octo militibus lanceariis,po vel hastilia ferentibus vario cultu ornatis continuo eidem adstantibus. Toti provinciae tum in civili, tum in politico generaliter praeest. Gubernatio vero particularis cuilibet Rationis Duci propriae Vicariae innititur.
Secunda est Camporgiani Vicaria, quae antiquitus erat prima, sed vel ob comodiorem Castrinovi, viarumque situm, vel fatorum clade ac temporum vitio exulcerata, atque depressa vix nunc secundum obtinet locum. Discerpitur in triginta tres vicos, vulgo Terre, qui habitatores circiter 1968 alunt.
Tertia est in Trasilico, quae multos pariter sub sua ditione vicos possidet, quorum incolae circiter sunt 4505.
Binaepp arces militibus,pq armisque continuo munitaepr regionem hanc defendunt, et fraenant, reliquis, quas antiqui erexerunt, vel dirutis, vel incustoditis. Prima dicitur Arx Montis Alfonsi,210 quae in colliculo Castronovo superincumbente erigitur, affabre laborata, perpetuis excubiis, militibusque gregariis diligentissime custodita. Nomen sortitur ab
Stemma est pila metallica, ex cuius apice, ac latere utroque singulatim tres flammarum glomi erumpunt, quae genium populi bellatorem, igneumque spiritum facile furentem demonstrat. Quod
Spirituale dominium partim est sub Dioecesi Episcopi Serzanae,216 vel secundum alios Cergiani, aut Lunae novae, partim sub Dioecesi Episcopi Lucae.217pu Dividit illud rivulus Podii (del Poggio), rivulusque Cavezzae218 inter S. Romanum,219 Silicagnanamque220 percurrens. Sub variis ingemuit dudum dominis Caferonianae Provinciae,pv quos singulos enumerare taediosum foret et extra chorum saltarem nimis. Sub auspiciis nunc faelicissime floret Serenissimae
Supra Castrinovi portam insculpta marmore visitur aquila expansis alis, rostroque minax, quae leonis dorso superincumbens iras eiusdem imperio frenat, atque castigat. Quod victoriam Aestensium supra hostes, quos tacito calamo praetereundos existimamus, demonstrat.221 Cui suis in Satyris
Per custodir, come al Signor mio piacque
il grege garfagnin, etc.222
Historiam leonis tangit, sacrumque ulcus refricat.
Deipw saper la licenza in che è venuto
questo paese, poiché la Pantera223
indi il Leon l’ha fra gli artigli avuto,224
Quae regio postea excusso exterorum iugo sub auspiciis
Rediere saturnia regna.225
Sed extra oleas226 me nimis divagantem increpas amicorum suavissime, dum non naturae, sed hominum historiam pando. Parce prurienti calamo, resque nondum editas scribenti, quae curiosis forsan salivam movebunt, e tenebris abscondita eruent, spiritus excitabunt somniculosis. Pudebat claram adeo provinciam literario orbi ignotam, cui maternum non obscurum sanguinem, et ipsa natalia debeo. Natus enim ex caferoniensi matre ex nobili
Patere etiam, ut parergon loco nonnulla antiqua Romanorumpy locorumque nomina montium iugis adhuc illustria clade temporum plebaeis distorta vocabulis ad pristinum nitorem restituam, quae ex ms.
Castiglione—Castrum Lestrigonum.
Villa Calamandrina—Vicus Aemilii Mamercini.
Corfino—Vicus Valerii Corvini.
Soraggio—Vicus Sergii.qf
Canigiano—Vicus Canini Rebilii.
Pania di Corfino—Mons Valerii Corvini.
Silano—Castrum Iuniiqg Silani.
Fiumicello di Soraggio—Amnis Caii Atilii Serrani.
Camporgiano—Campus Roscianus,qh vel Calfurnianus.
Forno Volastro—Vicus Calpurnii Bestiae.
Silicano—Vicus Silii Silvani.qi
Rosciano—Vicus Roscii.
Cassiano—Vicus Cassii.
Cesarana—Vicus Caesaris.
Brutiano—Vicus Bruti.
Petrognano—Vicus Petronii.
Niciano—Vicus Anicii.qj
Alpe di S. Pellegrino—Mons Leti. XXII.r]
Valico—V. Valeriiqk Poblicolae. Vergemoli—V. Servilii Gemini.ql Terminone—V. Minutiae Thermae. Trasilico—V. Virginii Tricosti.qm Mulazzano—V. Cornelii Maluginei.qn Massa—V. Valerii Messalae.qo Magnano—V. Pompei Magni.qp Cerageto—Vicus Tergemini Curiati.qq Mozanella—V. Menenii Lanati.qr Pian di Cerreto—V. Aurelii Ceretani.qs Chioza—V. Cai Acatii.qt Riana—Vicus Rheae Silviae. Trappignano—V. Lucreti Tricipitini.qu Albiano—V. Fabiiqv Lebeonis. Tiglio—V. Statilii Tauri.qw Filecchio—V. Furii Phili.qx Oppio—V. Sp. Oppii.qy Coreglia—V. Aurelii Costae.qz Ghivizano—V. Cassii Viscellini.ra Tereglio—V. Elii Tuberi.rb Calavorno—V. Accilii Glabrii.rc Bolognano—V. Calfurnii Bibuli.rd Cardoso—V. Lucii Cethegi.re Gallicano—V. Galli Canini.rf Verni—V. Plautirg Venni. Fiatton, e Campi—V. Fonteiirh Capitonis. Perpoli—V. Papiriiri Masonis. Palleroso—V. Oratii Paluilli.rj Pieve Fosciana—V. Publiirk Flaccinatoris. Migliano—V. Marci Aemilii.rl Bargecchia—V. Aemilii Barbulae.rm Eglio—V. Eliirn Peto. Rontano—V. Aruntiiro Nepotis. Ceretolo—V. Luctatiirp Cereti. Gragnanella—V. Cornelii Dolobellae.rq Silico—Vicus Sillae. Antisciano—V. Hostilii Mancini.rr Careggine—V. Ebutiirs Cornicensis. Fabbriche—V. Caii Fabricii.rt Ponticosi—V. Publii Cossi.ru Sambuca—V. Fabii Ambusti.rv Cascianello—V. Ottacilli Crassi.rw Roggio—V. Luciirx Regillensis. Puianella—V. Popiliiry Lenas. Vitoio—V. Ventidii Bassi.rz Vaii—V. Lucii Velleii.sa Corti—V. Curii Dentati.sb Corfigliano—V. Calfurniisc Pisonis. Minucciano—V. Munatii Planci.sd Agliano—V. Eliani.se Castagnola—V. Fulvii Centimali.sf Giuncognano—V. Genutii Clepsinae.sg Capoli—V. L. Capitolini.sh Pontaccio—V. Gnei Petici.si Dalli—V. Caesi Duillii.sj Cogno—V. Gnei Genutii.sk Veregnano—V. Publi Verennii.sl Magliano—V. Lucii Emiliani.sm Gragnano—V. Geganii Mamercini.sn Metello—V. Caecilii Metelli.so Borsigliano—Brutus Bubulanus. Livignanosp—M. Levinus. Caprignano—V. Cornelii Aruini.sq Orzaiola—V. Aurelii Oresti.sr Sala—V. Liviiss Salinatoris. Piazza—V. Vibiist Pansae. Naggio—V. Nautii Rutilii.su Bibbiana—Fabius Vibulanus. Pugliano—C. Petilius. Etc.
Quaesv sw omnia solum eruditionis causa indigito, non ut, cum feret occasio iis utar nominibus, quae obsoleta iam, usuque deperdita necessariam elocutionis, ac historiae claritatem obtenebrant.
Sed e diverticulo in viam. Castilionem Paulo post ingressi XXII.v] sumus, ubi generose ab Ill.mi
Non procul in substrata planitie citra Aesaremtb Torrentem (Serchio) thermales ubertim emanant aquae dictae della Pieve, quoniam sub 31] ditione Terrae Plebis existunt.236 Inter tot, quae intc nostris montibus saluberrimae scatent, solaetd istae nunc sunt in usu, aliisque palmam abripuerunt. Experientia enim teste, maxima etiam locum non invenere remedia, si tempestive potentur, male natam plurium morborum sobolem in dies licette succrescentem demetunt.tf Nec tam facile remorbescunt, semel recte corpora salutiferis undis detersa.
Primi extrinsecus mirificas vires in doloribus rheumaticis, 32] artrithicisque, ac variistj nervorum morbis experti sunt, quibus faelicibus observatis experimentis alii, devorato ut ita dicam timore, spequetk maioris efficaciae, magisque prosperi effectus concepta, aquam ipsam animose biberunt, quam, cum non solum innoxium, sed incomparabile remedium turmatimtl advolarunt, ac sine praecedenti purgatione, sine sexus, aetatis, temporis discrimine generose potantes, fere omnes, tanquam miraculo sanescebant. Auscultabant eiusdem viribus saeviora fere quaecumque morborum semina, ita ut apud vicinos populos medicinae nomen universalis audiret. Deferbuit tamen insanus adeo bibendi cacoethes,tm cum nonnullos impuro corpore, ac sine debitis cautelis imprudenter bibentes maiori labe infecerint. More scilicet magnorum remediorum, quae intempestive sumpta sibi veneni naturam, interdum asciscunt.tn Eo tandem res devenit, ut prudenter cum medicorum administratae consilio, spes aegrotantium non fallant, et signate multis, non indiscriminatim omnibus opitulentur.to Sed ut ad offam proprius accedam.
Dolorestp capitis antiquos vel saepe recrudescentes, epilepsias, vertigines, surditates, lymphaticos fere omnes morbos, cordis palpitationes praecipue spasmodicas, pulmonum ulcera, et asthmata delent. Ventriculis effoeti, crudoque marcore tabescentis solatium sunt. Icteros detergunt, dolores colicos, passiones histericas, illiacos 33] affectus, hydropicos quosdam sanant. Unda enim pellit undam,tq atque ad antiqua serositatum impluvia extravasatas lymphas corrivat. Ventris fluxus cohibent, urinariosque tubulos verrendo calculos, et arenosa sedimenta propellunt. Menstrua provocando, vel obstructos meatus reserando faecunditatem revocant, podagraeque tormenta levant. Vermes tandem, eorundem mucosa nidamenta, et semina certo certius a cellulatis intestinorum latebrulis exterminant.
Quid tantas donet his aquis vires, vix coniecturis locus. Nondum enim exactam harum analysim institui, quam, si meliora Deus otia dabit, et si Regium Lepidi,239 ubi in posterum mea Patria stabit, post tot emensos labores iterum revisam, instituere gestit animus. Si tamen aliquid hariolari fas est, ex sale alcalico calcario, ac bitumine, quibus mons ille scatet, vires omnes mutuari, non abludet forsan a vero. Extrahebant enim antiquitus coloni a superincumbentibus fodinis quandam egregiam bituminis speciem, quae gagatis a
Parte montis opposita novae pariter thermae olim repertae sunt lacteo sapore, atque tepore conspicuae, quae ad sal acre muriaticumve bilis edomandum mite 34] conducebant, sed in ipsis cunabulis pene obsoleverunt.241
Camporgianum tandem inexpectato devenimus, antiquam scilicet illam totius provinciae metropolim, ubi a generosissimo
Tam grata hospitalitatetx expediti Turritae balnea visebamus, quae uno tantum lapide a Castronovo occidentem versus distant.245 Providam antiquorum sedulitatem, recentiorum incuriam obstupui. Elegantissima, et ad commodum balneantium magnifice quondam instructa aedificia, nunc fatali ruina quassata cernuntur. Limo, parietinis, saxis, immundoque caeno lavacrum unum repletum est, et secreta calidae commercia per incustoditas vias in subiectum flumen defluunt. Solium alterum 35] paulo diligentius detersum est, adhucquety aegrotantium solatio famulari potest. Quadrilaterae figurae est cum sedilibus circum, et in umbilico laboratis, et lateritio fornice tectum. Per occultum aquaeductum e montis pede in hydrophylacium246 aqua saliens ferventissima cogitur,tz inde in canaliculum subgrundiae simillimum, in solium defluit. Embolo tamen, seu epistomio, si placet, clauditur, derivaturque per recurva demeacula circa lavacri labrum ad alios usus. Nec solum aqua calens extillat. Frigidissima prope funditur, quae ex eiusdem montis visceribus fistulatoua tramite emergens contiguum igniti aquaeductus lambit latus, quae pariterub per diversos cuniculos ad lubitum diducitur. Ita temperant ad arbitrium modo aestuantem unius calorem, modo rigens alterius gelu. Non vulgari scilicet artis, ac naturae miraculo. Potest enim quis eodem in balneo modo gelidos artus concalefacere, modo exustosuc refrigerare, modo per gradus, vel laudabili temperie inter utriusque extrema corpusud fovere. Non opus est, ut in Euganeis,247 quod aqua longo itinere mitigata descendens, minaci ardore deposito, suavi temperatione mollescat. Torpet, multoque blandius fracta intepescit in ipso limine, visque illa medicatrix non longo elassescitue itinere. Unde cum
Neque solum interne, sed externe certas opes ferunt. Trahunt enim originem cutanei morbi vel a sanguinis exuviis per cutaneas glandulasuo non expulsis, reticularique plexu,252 aut areolis253 interpositis irretitis, vel ab externis vermiculorum iniuriis caeca erosione pustulas, et ulcuscula excavantibus, aut a salium acutie, vel asperitate, aut a poliposa, pigrave vapescentisup sanguinis dispositione, aut a lymphae, serive acescentis torpore, vel ab alia rebelli, et alte etiam inhaerente causa, quae totius fere cutis compositam rationem coinquinet,uq sulphureae, salinaeque moleculae spiritu, caloreque agitativo vibratae poterunt affrictas labes explodere. Eius namque spiracula rursus aperiendo, crispatos, aut rigidos villos emolliendo, lentis 38] humoribus motum conciliando insectorum cuiuslibet speciei turbam potenter exterminando, fibras tandem tabo marcidas roborando citius, tutius, blandiusque qualibet externaur remediorum farragine ad pristinam sanitatem aegros restituent. Eadem ratione nervosis affectibus vel stillicidio, vel aspersione, vel immersione, vel alio quolibet modo prescriptae opitulantur.us
In dorso montis opposito trans torrentem aliae huiusmodi thermae, sive fontes excocti, ac igniti, ut cum
His non sine medico examinatis solatio inceptum iter prosequebamur per cautes adeo praecipites, et crebra mortis imagine perhorrendas, ut quandoque paenituerituu nimium curiositati litasse. Vincebat tamen acris cognoscendiuv cupido, trementemque interdum pedem erectus ad meliora animus novis ausibus castigabat. Tunc mirabar inter adeo praerupta saxorum iuga, inter tam ardua terrarum, et rudes scopulos, in quibus nulla oculorum, et praecipua 39] palatiuw oblectamenta vix sunt-
Castaneae molles, et pressi copia lactis,257
mirabar inquam fortes, et lacertosos homines diu, ac beate vivere, foeminasque lepidulas, Veneresux ipsas urbium quandoque nitore, ac lenitateuy frontis excellere. Et tamen solam aquam limpidissimam ebibunt, et rudissimis alimentis latrantem stomacuhm saturant. Non artis adminiculis,uz ut Divi
Ultimos tandem Alpium fines, quosvf Panie vocant per vix concessos tramites tetigimus, ex quibus non longe Tyrrhenum aequor aestuans visitur. Hic inter saxa nigro pumice primo in limine squallentia largus minerarum thesaurus, hic curiosus naturae ruspator et corpus, et ingenium fatigare, sollicitamque sciendi famem satiare, corporis autem augere potest. Neque inter horrentes cryptas coloni desunt. Furnus Volaster non improprio nomine vocatur pauperculus vicus, quem ferrea gens, armisque aptissima inhabitat. Antiquam, celebremque huius loci viam, regionisque asperitatem
Lo scoglio, ove il sospetto fa soggiorno
alto dal mare da seicento braccia
di ruinose balze cinto intorno,
e da ogni parte di cader minaccia,
il più stretto sentier, che guida al Forno
là dove il Garfagnin il ferro caccia,
la via Flamminia, et Apia nomar voglio,
che passa verso il mar va su lo scoglio.260
A Brixiensibus metallurgis primo mapalia, humilesque constructas casas asserunt incolae, cuius non 41] ultimum argumentum est, multa adhuc brixiensia exaudiri vocabula, quae inobservantes villici Tusca lepiditate commiscent.261 Parte laeva Petrosanae Torrentis,262 qui ab occidente in orientem fluit, sitae sunt domunculae in scrupeis stratorum montis radicibus, e quibus asperrimae rupium moles extolluntur, colore, scabritie, sterilitate saxis ingentibus horridae.263 Inflexis etiam crustis modo lunantur in arcum, modo elatis tumulis fastigiatae extolluntur, varieque lasciviente natura in rectum, in obliquum, in ambitum quasi novi montes per montium dorsa resurgunt. Nonvh longe distant minerae ferri, atque vitrioli, quas summa cum animi voluptate, praeeunte sagacissimovi quodam viro, lustravimus. Complevit dulce mentis, et oculorum oblectamentum inexpectata urbanitasvj iuvenis, qui diversoriolum,vk ubi morabar, ingressus, voce, vultuque certa laetitiae signa prodens me fidis, sanctisque amplexibus implicuit. Obstupui facilemvl in aspero solo humanitatem, ubi cautes inter, atque speluncas tanta comitas, tam eximia indoles lateret,vm cum mihi quaerenti,vn se quoque advenam, se
Et in illis perpetuae fodinis aquae. An vero, et centrales adsint, an verticales solum, an utraeque coeant in unum, ignoro. Verticales, nempe caelestes, ex quibus praecipuum alimentum, ut suspicor, lactis adinstar minerarum germina sugunt, per amplas, hiantesque superiores rimas, ac scissa stratorum tecta sensimwb gementes, ubi praecipuus venae ferreae truncus luxuriat, videbam. An aliud, pinguiusque ab infernis marinis subterfluentibus pabulum, ut in tuo nobilissimo libro decernis,267 et ut mihi nuper
Plurimi e rigidis horum montiumwl finibus emergunt, et uti dicebamus, uberiores, quam ex vastioribus Divi Alpibus Pellegrini. Inter alios celeberrimus est, qui in Antro ululante (vulgo la Grotta che urla)272 gemit, ibique rursus reconditur. Meridiem versus hoc antrum paulo supra Furnum Volastrum hiat, plurimo tartaro scabrum, tenebrosum, et incondito murmure strepentium undarum terrificum. Os eiusdem terra multa flaviuscula, sabuloque sordescens, quae ab interno plus quam rivulo quando tumente, ac turbido eructantur. Quandowm etenim flante austro, vel aere praeter solitum calente liquescentibus supremi verticis nivibus gliscit,wn et exorbitat, cum totus a caecis canalibus in antri latere excavatis absorberiwo non possit, reverberatus in se recurrens primo in viciniores oras, deinde quacumque parte mox potest inconcessus egurgitat. Ita e specus ostio violenter erumpens, ibi in fine dum detumescit, ac lentescentes undas revocat,wp montanas sordes, et recrementa deponit. Hinc ob humile laqueare nisi curvus advena, et persaepe dorso ipso lutulentus intrat. Emensis viginti circiter pedibus laxatur in latus, altumque spelunca, apparentque multiformia naturae ludentis e lapidoso succo ludibria, qui varias plasmando figuras arte licet nulla laboratas suo artem aequatwq ingenio, materia superat.273wr Nullibi aptius arcuatum Regii hortiws spelaeum e lacunari inversis hinc inde pyramidulis, vivo 46] pumice,wt durisque tophis decussata testudine inflexis elegans simulavitwu in obscuro natura. Tunc aquas tristiwv susurro furtive per obliqua cadentes exaudiebamus,ww quas tandem profundus hiatus in vicinam Petrosanam occulto itinere derivans intortis devorabat vorticibus. Neque hic itineris meta. Supra humeros baiuli rumigerulum translatiwx wy torrentem, multisque scabris superatis callibus ad amplam, convexamque cameram devenimus, in qua complures velut encarpi, mille tartareae concretiones, indurata mille ferrumina, columnas, spiras, animalia, ramos aemulantia miris intexta modis conspiciebantur.274 Hic origo rivuliwz ab alto fluentis, veluti ab epistylio, qui partim tardo coalitu saxis antiquis nova saxa lapidescentibus undis adglutinabat, partim spumosoxa cursu in praeceps per descriptum alveum prolabebatur. Non dispari sane modo, ac e supercilio rupis cadentes aquas saeva hyems aquilonibus asperat, aliis adhuc nativa fluxibilitate ruentibus.
Unde perennis aquarum fluxus modo limpidus, et modicus, modo sordidus, et tumens quaeris? A vicino mari exantlatas autumant coloni, cum flante austro, furenteque pelago furant, quiescente quiescant. Sed nos aliter suprema montis rimati, revocatisque ad trutinam crescentibus, et decrescentibus undis disserebamus.xb Inter strata negligenter cohaerentia, et inflexo latere 47] curvata deorsum aquae, nivesque solutae percolantur absorptae prius a variis faucibus cautes inter, et bibulas glareas dehiscentibus. Per sulcos inde, ac quasi euripos serpunt secreto tramite ad antrosum fontem continuo scatentem, quia in quibusdam baratris radiis solaribus imperviis rupes a rupibus, montem a monte dividentibus fere perpetuo glacies, ac nives integrae morantur, quae non primis caloribus, cum sol vehementior inter extrema veris nives emollit, cedunt. Lente, ac molliter tabescunt, velutique filtratae per longa temporis spatia descendunt illimes, atque crystallinae. Si vero calidis efflantibus ventis, sicuti cera ad luculentum ignem, ita in liquorem statim extenuatae per subterraneas catharactas ruunt potius, quam fluunt, secumque terras, arenasque transportant.xc Hinc praedictus fons modo limpidus, et aquarum pauper, modo lutosus, et aquarum dives. In cisternis etiam, occultisquexd lacunis forsan recollectae vel per laxa aggerum spiracula sensimxe cribrantur, velutique ad lancem, ac per iustas morulas in fontis pelvim cadunt,xf aut si enormiter turgeant, superatis aggeribus liberiore gurgite devolvuntur. A me assensumxg impetrare non potui, quod a propinquo pelago ortum, et incrementum trahant, quoniamxh si venae, et venulae, ut cum
Nullum ver usquam, nullique aestatis honores,
sola iugis habitat diris, sedesque tuetur
perpetuas deformis hyems.279xt
Tantum enim illi nostras Alpes in omnibus superant, quantum
Assuetus nostris aestivis ardoribusxv animus, multis aridissimis mensibus involutus praeconcepta nescit deradere, dubitans repugnare experimento, quod vix concipere potest. Facilis est mendacioxw locus, quando ignota sunt extrema. Ut plurimum, quae longo regionum tractu dissita confusa quadam imagine arrectas trahebant mentes, visa, aut contrectata fatiscunt. Parva interim de parvis, sed oculo teste, diximus, tu faelicior magna de magnis. Multo mihi maius benefitium conferes (dicam cum Euthydemo, vel litigioso in
Urbium, populorumque luctamina, licet nos plectant, licet in insontibus agris in exitium sui mitissimis furor adhuc transalpini ferri mandata fatorum peragat, dulcesque Patriae reliquias immistis cum atro cruore lacrymis foedatas rursus videam, dolorem nihilominus literulis concoquo, musasque ob Iani templum tot iam annos apertumyb plorantes282 naturae miraculis ad dulcia agrestis calami solamina provoco. Quid interim alia narrareyc paret epistola, tanquam secundarios fructus, accipe. Nondum tamen omnes 51] recte maturuerunt, longioresque circuitus, novosque labores desiderant.
1Herbas, ac plantas omnes mutinenses alpinas rizotomis expetendas.
2Crystallos alios, crystalloides, lapides speculares, vel selenites, salia fossilia, lapides picturatos, sculptos, figuratos, medicos, calcarios, gypseos, pretiosos etc.
3Strata montium lapidea, cretacea, glareosa, sabulosa, terrea etc., unde nata, quo flectantur, quo tendant, eorundem necessitas, usus, anatomes etc.
4Antediluviana dicta, et postdiluviana corpora, quae in istis reperiuntur vel lapidefacta, vel intra lapides clausa, vel terrae solum visceribus involuta, vel sint conchae, serpentes, pisces, echini, limaces, ostreae, pectines, tubuli, animalium ossa, ligna, fructus etc.
5Montium exteriorum crustam, terrarum omnium indolem,yd saxorum, fluorum, tartarearum marmorumye concretionum enucleationem.yf Hyaspides283yg enim in ultimis Alpibus videbamyh orientalibus aemulos.
6Cuius libet montis usque ad mare Tyrenum ingenium particulare, pascua, usumyi etc.
7Insecta quae rariora scopulis in illis herbis, plantisve nidificant.
9Qui fructus, quae grana, qualis omnibus nostris monticolisyl cibus, et potus. 52]
10Qui mores, artes, domus, morbi, tormenta, deliciae.
11Quodnam aeris pondus ad lancem barometricam ductum, quae temperies quaesitaym thermometro.
12Quae montium altitudo, rimae, lapsus, decrementum etc.
13Aliorum fontium, fluminum, torrentium, thermarum, minerarum etc. exactior descriptio.
14De lacte, et operibus lactariis, prout praeparantur in Alpibus nostris.
15Minerarum omnium attenta, et exacta descriptio.284
Haec sunt, quae humeris tanta ferre forsan recusantibus imponere auderem, sed
maxima parvo
tempore molimur.285
Alia interim loqui (dicam cum
In Musaeo meo Patavinoyp kal. Ianuarii 1705
Devictissimus, et Addictissimus Famulus
Antonius Vallisnerius de Nobilibus de Vallisneria
Publicus Medicinae Practicae Professor in Loco, et
Footnotes
This is a passage from Marcus Tullius Cicero’s Epistulae ad Atticum ((Cicero n.d.), II, 1, http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi057.perseus-lat1:2.1.1).
These anonymous initials seem to indicate that the manuscript was translated into Latin from a previous Italian version, and not by Vallisneri himself. However, there are important hints that this may be a pretense. The handwriting in the main manuscript is unmistakably Vallisneri’s: since the document was draft (and a significantly reworked one, too), it is unlikely that he copied again the entire Latin text from another document, which in turn was a translation from an Italian text he had already edited. Furthermore, several studies prove that Vallisneri often used false names, or the names of his pupils, as a strategy to conceal and protect himself against potential criticisms—which in this case may have been addressed to the prose style of the document or to terminological misunderstandings. On this topic, see (Generali 2004), 155–156, 176–177; (2007), 383–412; (Luzzini 2013a), 91; (2014a), 209. It is worth noting that the same initials (and, arguably, the same anonymous translator, whether real or not) appear—with an additional “S” in the end—in (Vallisneri 1717c).
Accademia dei Muti (“Academy of the Mute Ones”) of Reggio. Founded in 1673, it was mainly devoted to poetry and literature. It ceased to exist in 1751, after decades of senescence and—it seems—not particularly brilliant activity. On this topic, see (Maylender 1929), 65–67. Vallisneri became a member of the Academy in 1711, after he was appointed the Chair of Theoretical Medicine at the University of Padua. See (Porcia (di) 1733), LXXVII. See also the critical edition of this work: (Porcia (di) 1986), 219–220, 220n.
Here, the author alludes to the French scholars. As a proud advocate of Italian science, language, and culture, Vallisneri was frequently involved in fierce debates with the “oltramontani” (literally, “those beyond the mountains”). On this topic, see (Duchesneau 2009), CXII, CXXI, CXLV; (Generali 1985); (2006); (2007), 384–386; (???), 253–255; (2011a); (Luzzini 2007), 74; (2013a), 217–226; (Monti 2009), XLVIII, LII, LXVIII, LXXI, LXXVIII; (Penso 1973), 194–201; (Rappaport 1991) (now reprinted in (2011)); (1997), 218–219. See also (Vallisneri 1991), 519–520.
Gypsum (CaSO4· 2H2O) is a mineral usually found in evaporitic deposits in association with sedimentary rocks. The gypsum layers of Mount Gesso are part of the gypsum-sulphur formation of the northern Apennines, whose thick evaporitic strata resulted from the Messinian salinity crisis which occurred in the late Miocene epoch (between 5.95 and 5.33 million years ago). During this epoch, a temporary closure of the Strait of Gibraltar made the Mediterranean Sea desiccate almost completely. This event originated the evaporitic rocks which are now visible along the northern borders of the Apennines, from Reggio Emilia to the Marche region. On this topic, see (Bosellini 2005), 66–67; (Luzzini 2011a), 105–107; (2011b); (2013a), 71–72; http://www.vallisneri.it/affioramenti_gessosi.shtml.
The Tresinaro River flows in the Province of Reggio Emilia. It is a tributary of the Secchia River. It originates in Felina (Castelnovo ne’ Monti, RE) and goes from southwest to northeast, eventually reaching Scandiano.
Luigi d’Este Juniore (1648–1698), Governor of Reggio and Marquess of Scandiano. See (Vallisneri 1991), 116.
The sulphur (S) veins in the gypsum-sulphur formation of the northern Apennines result from the biochemical activity of bacteria. Under anaerobic conditions, sulfate reducing bacteria produce hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) from sulfate (SO4) in gypsum. H2S is then oxidized to elemental sulphur if exposed to oxygen. See (Casati 1996), 518–519; (Bosellini 2005), 66–67; (Bosellini, Mutti, and Ricci Lucchi 1989), 133–169; (Luzzini 2011b); (2011a), 106–107; (2013a), 72.
The letter is addressed to Luigi dalla Fabra (1655–1723), Primary Lecturer of Medicine at the University of Ferrara until 1721. See (Vallisneri 1991), 363.
Conrad Gessner (1516–1565), Swiss naturalist and bibliographer.
Johann Jakob Scheuchzer (1672–1733), Swiss physician and naturalist, friend and correspondent of Vallisneri. For comprehensive studies on the collaboration between Vallisneri and Scheuchzer, see (Generali 2007), 106, 118, 121, 124, 136, 294, 352–354, 356, 358, 360, 364–366, 384, 387, 389; (Luzzini 2011d), 114–122; (2013a), 59–64, 69, 81–84, 118, 162, 165–170, 173, 175, 193, 208.
Ippolito Spallanzani, from Scandiano, superintendent of the mines of Mount Gesso, friend and collaborator of Vallisneri. He wrote a letter on the changes that occurred in the mines between 1705 and 1714. This was published in (Vallisneri 1718), 228–284 (269–278). See (Vallisneri 1991), 163, 165–166; (Generali 2004), 144.
Paolo Valli, a canon from Reggio, correspondent of Vallisneri. See (Vallisneri 1991), 408–409.
The related image is missing. Still nowadays, the Italian term “cretone” refers to a thick clay layer which can be found inside or outside caves and mines.
Mineral sulphur (S).
Selenite (CaSO4· 2H2O), a crystalline mineral variety of gypsum. In most cases, and depending on the degree of purity, it is transparent and colorless, or variously whitish. A further, detailed description of this mineral can be found in (Vallisneri 1733), 435–436. See also the critical edition of this work ((Vallisneri 2012), 258–260).
Potassium nitrate (KNO3).
The term “vitriolum” (“vitriol”) refers to various kinds of metallic sulfates, including sulphuric acid (H2SO4).
This is a latinization of the Ancient Greek word ἐγχείρησις (literally, “undertaking,” “operation,” or “task”).
(Ramazzini 1700), Cap. X, De morbis quibus temari solent sulphurarii. Page references are to the second edition, (Ramazzini 1703), 57–60. For a study of the bibliographical sources used by Ramazzini in this treatise, see (Di Pietro 1981).
Syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. Also known as “morbus gallicus,” “mal francese,” or—in English—“French disease” or “French scabies,” since one of the first epidemics occurred when the French troops invaded Italy in the last decade of the XV century, at the very beginning of the Italian Wars. See (Gelmetti 2015).
In early modern medicine, the term “anchora sacra” (literally, “sacred anchor”) referred to what was considered to be the most effective medication for a particular disease. On this topic, see (Vallisneri 2006), 61, note 172.
The reference is to a passage from Pliny the Younger’s Letters ((Plinius (Minor) n.d.), VIII, 16), where the Roman author reflects on the strange contradictory relationship between grief and pleasure: “Est enim quaedam etiam dolendi voluptas, praesertim si in amici sinu defleas, apud quem lacrimis tuis vel laus sit parata vel venia” (http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi1318.phi001.perseus-lat1:8.16.5).
This is a passage from Virgil’s Aeneid ((Vergilius n.d.), IX, 349, http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0690.phi003.perseus-lat1:9.314-9.366).
(Ramazzini 1703), 59: “Nec quis obtrudat, quod sulphur pulmonum balsamum vulgo audiat; nam id verum est quando sulphur acido suo, quo abundat, spoliatum fuerit.” Like Ramazzini, Vallisneri refers to (Jüngken 1681), Sectio IV, De mineralibus, Cap. VI, Anatomia sulphuris, 258: “In vitiis pulmonum, phthisi, peste, febribus malignis, &c. insigne praeservativum & curativum.”
The same quote is in (Ramazzini 1703), 59. The (altered) passage is taken from (Ettmüller 1688), Tomus II, Pars I, Schröderi dilucidati Mineralogia, Sive Regnum Minerale, Cap. 9, De metallis, 283: “Caeterum observatur, quod tunc temporis verum balsamum pulmonum mereatur vocari, quando pinguedo balsamica separata est a parte acida corrosiva.”
(Ettmüller 1688), 284–285. The Latin term “flores” (“flowers”), in early modern medicine, refers to a preparation obtained by sublimation or crystallization of a substance which assumes “a flocculent or pulverulent form” ((Gould 1904), see Flores). “Flores sulphuris” were particularly renowned and used as a remedy against various kinds of illnesses (especially against skin, bronchial, and lung diseases). On this topic, see (Crosland 2006), 71; (Vallisneri 2011), 72, notes 214 and 215.
Vallisneri recalls the famous episode of the Plague of Athens (429–430 BC), when Hippocrates recommended the use of fumigation by burning aromatic substances (including sulphur, regarded as a powerful antidote against this disease) to treat and contain the epidemic. See (Morens and Littman 1992); (Blancou 1995).
Here, the term “flores” seems to indicate small, naturally formed crystals, and not the previously described artificial preparations.
Luigi Ferdinando Marsili (1658–1730), naturalist and former Holy Roman Empire officer. Correspondent and collaborator of Vallisneri, who considered him an authority on the Earth sciences (and greatly admired his museum of natural curiosities). On this topic, see (Generali 2007), 351–360; (Luzzini 2013a), 88–90; (2014a), 207–208; (Sarti 2003); (Stoye 1994); (Vaccari 2003); (2008).
Vittorio Francesco Stancari, from Bologna (1678–1709), astronomer, mathematician, physicist, and naturalist. In 1708, he was appointed the first Chair of Mathematical Analysis ever established in Italy, at the University of Bologna. See (Vallisneri 1991), 301.
Arguably, a piece of marl. The noun “cretam” (“clay”) and the adjective “uliginosam” (“wet,” or “damp”) suggest than the specimen is more argillaceous than calcareous.
Mineral sulphur (S).
The term “chalchantum” is a synonym for vitriol. See (Fabri 1671), 192–193.
Mineral sulphur (S).
Mineral sulphur (S).
Arguably, a sort of calcareous clay, as is suggested by the adjective “subalbam” (“whitish”).
“Caput mortuum” (in English, “dead head”), also known as “nigredo”: alchemical terms referring to the residual substance produced from such operations as sublimation, distillation, or filtration (see (Crosland 2006), 81). Here, Vallisneri uses this term in a broader sense, alluding to the residual earth from which sulphur has been extracted.
See note 29.
Pyrite, an iron sulfide mineral (FeS2) with a cubic crystallographic structure. However, the words “incertae figurae” (“with a strange form”) suggest that the author refers also to marcasite, another iron sulfide (known as “white iron pyrite”). This mineral has an orthorhombic crystal structure, is lighter and more friable than pyrite, and is frequently associated with marl, gypsum, and clay, as typically happens in the gypsum-sulphur formation of the northern Apennines. See (Luzzini 2013a), 94; (2014a), 210–211; (Vallisneri 2012), 209–211, 277.
According to the Hermetic alchemist, philosopher, and physician Paracelsus (Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, 1493–1541), “life was sustained […] through the presence of a life spirit essential for both the organic and inorganic worlds. By the final decade of the sixteenth century this spirit was identified as an aerial niter” ((Debus 2001), 12); and, by the early years of the seventeenth century, “the aerial niter had become associated with a life force requisite for man” that would be examined and debated by a great number of physicians and natural philosophers throughout the early modern period ((Debus 1977), 108–109). In the XVII century, the chemist and physician John Mayow (1641–1679) further developed the research on the role played by aerial niter in combustion and respiration, paving the way for the identification of this substance with oxygen (see also (Debus 1964)). By acknowledging the existence of an aerial niter and the influence of this substance on mineral genesis and growth, Vallisneri is presumably referring to the Paracelsian tradition.
Here, Vallisneri makes a distinction between marcasite (“frustillatim dissolvitur”) and the far more stable pyrite (“aeternum est, ac immutabile”).
Rio Riazzone, a small tributary of the Tresinaro River. The two streams merge a few kilometers north from the city of Scandiano. Along its course, the Riazzone crosses clays, clay-schists, and arenaceous and calcareous shales. These rocks date back to the Late Cretaceous period (100–65 Ma) and contain a large quantity of marine fossils. Proceeding further, the Riazzone meets fossiliferous, blue-grey shale beds which date back to the Late Pliocene epoch (3.6–2.5 Ma). Cartographic source: (“Carta Geologica d’Italia, Foglio 86 (Modena)” 1963). See (Luzzini 2013a), 95, note 95.
Tusk shells, or scaphopods (Phylum Mollusca, Class Scaphopoda), once known as “antales” and “dentales.” On this topic, see (Encyclopaedia Perthensis; or Universal Dictionary of the Arts, Sciences, Literature, Etc., Intended to Supersede the Use of Other Books of Reference 1816), 574. See also (Vallisneri 2012), 130–131.
From (Buonanni 1681), 143: “Cannelletti di varie specie, detti tubuli vermiculares, poiché in tutti vivono alcuni vermi. Sogliono nascere sopra i sassi, o sopra gusci di altri testacei, e d’altri vegetabili del mare. Tutti si piegano, come i serpenti, ma senza regola di linea spirale, onde non si possono dire turbinati.” See also (Vallisneri 2012), 76–77. According to the images in Buonanni’s treatise (Tab. 20), the “tubuli vermiformes” could be identified as both tube worms of the Family Serpulidae (Phylum Anellida, Class Polychaeta: sessile anellids which secrete calcareous tubes) and worm snails of the Family Vermetidae (Phylum Mollusca, Class Gastropoda: sessile molluscs with irregular, tubular shells).
Genus Pecten (Phylum Mollusca, Class Bivalvia). See also (Vallisneri 2012), 251.
Gastropod shells (Phylum Mollusca, Class Gastropoda). See (Vallisneri 2012), 63, 373.
Shark teeth. The popular folklore, along with not a few voices from the early modern medical tradition, endowed these objects with therapeutic and thaumaturgic properties. A legend claimed them as the petrified tongues of snakes (hence the term “glossopetrae”) that had been cursed by a particularly vengeful Saint Paul when one of these animals dared to bite the Apostle in Malta. The recognition of the organic origin of these findings involved such authors as Nicolas Steno (1638–1686), Agostino Scilla (1639–1700), Fabio Colonna (1567–1650), and many more, and played a major role in the early modern debate on the age of the Earth. See (Colonna 1616a), 31–39; (Scilla 1670); (Stensen 1667); (1669). For comprehensive studies on this topic, see (Carpita 2006); (Cutler 2009); (Hsu 2009); (Luzzini 2013a), 1–4, 10–12, 17–18, 24–32; (Morello 1979a); (1979b); (Oldroyd 1996), 66–67; (Rudwick 1972), 50–53; (Ziggelaar 2009). See also (Vallisneri 2012), 168–169.
According to the terminology of early modern natural philosophy, the term “umbilicus maris” (“sea navel,” also known as “Venus navel” or “sea eye”), refers to the calcareous operculum of various species of gastropods. See (Gimma 1730), Book V, 248; (Rolfe 2013), 149. See also (Vallisneri 2012), 394.
Sea urchin skeletons (Phylum Echinodermata, Class Echinoidea). See also (Vallisneri 2012), 140–141, 306–307.
Secchia River, a main tributary of the Po River. For a terminological history of this name, see (Tiraboschi 1825), 333–335.
Fossil coal. It is the result of the build-up and sedimentation of organic matter (usually from plants) in an anoxic environment. The increasing thickness of organic layers leads to a gradual increase in temperature and pressure. Hence the ejection of volatile matter and water, along with the increase in carbon percentage. This is a gradual process, which starts from the lower sedimentary strata and passes through different phases. Depending on the increasing carbon percentage, the resulting matter is called peat, lignite, sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, and anthracite. Typically, coal seams form in lagoons, either coastal or in a river delta. The Po Plain was originally a lagoon that evolved into a wetland; however, since this zone is still geologically young, exploitable coal reserves have not formed yet. The “carbo petrae” and the “ligna fossilia” found by Vallisneri, therefore, were probably a sort of lignite or low-carbon coal. See (Luzzini 2011b), 345–349; (2013a), 77–78.
Adige River, in northeastern Italy. It flows into the Adriatic Sea. For a historical study on the regulation of this river during the XVIII century, see (Luzzini 2016c).
The terminology in this passage is clearly rooted in the alchemical tradition, as it recalls different stages of the sublimation process. The “terra virgo” (“virgin earth”), in particular, is what remains of the earth after it has been purified by sublimation. On this topic, see (Newman 1982).
Vallisneri is probably referring to an episode in the Italian Wars (1494–1559). In the region surrounding Mount Gesso, the only place with the word “prato” (from the Latin “pratum”) in its name is Prato Mandeto, the origin of the latter term being unknown. Significantly, this place is located west of Mount Gesso. Cartographic sources: (“Carta Topografica d’Italia, Serie 25V, 086 – IV – NE (Scandiano),” n.d.); (“Carta Topografica d’Italia, Serie 25V, 086 – IV – SE (Viano),” n.d.). See also http://www.pcn.minambiente.it/viewer/.
Arguably, flint rocks with dark (“subcineritios”) impurities.
Pyrite, marcasite, and flints were widely used as fire starters.
The related image is missing.
A “digitus” (“finger”) was an ancient Roman unit of length, approximately equivalent to 1.85 cm (0.728 in). Therefore, a “semidigitus” (“half a finger”) is about 0.925 cm (0.364 in).
Johann Jakob Scheuchzer became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1703. Given the lack of images, and despite the rather detailed description, it is difficult to ascertain the identity of the “ungulas lapidefactas” (“stony hooves,” or “stony claws”).
(Colonna 1616b), 48: “Habemus et non paucas alias res lapideas, veluti caprarum et suum ungulas […].” Colonna’s treatise does not provide an image of these fossils. However, according to their name they could be ascribed to the bivalve species Congeria ungulacaprae, also known as “goat’s hooves.” See (Főzy and Szente 2014), 350–351.
(Lhwyd 1699), 63–68, Tab. 16. The images in the treatise allow one to identify Lhwyd’s “plectronites” as teeth from different fish species (see (Parkinson 1811), 254; (1822), 275. However, according to paleontologists Arthur Smith Woodward and Charles Davies Sherborn, plectronites n. 1318 (“Plectronites maximus corticeus, seu Rostrago maxima, quod rostrum quoddam avis simulare videatur, sic dicta,” (Lhwyd 1699), 66) is an exception: this tooth does not belong to a fish, but to the pliosaur Polyptychodon interruptus. See (Smith Woodward and Sherborn 1890), 298.
Actually, the correct book is not (Plot 1677) but (Plot 1686), 189, Tab. XII, Figs. 3, 4. Vallisneri could not read English: most likely, he obtained this information from Scheuchzer. Not by chance, the same data appear in (Scheuchzer 1708), 33–34. This essay was published well after Vallisneri wrote his manuscript; arguably, Scheuchzer gave him this information in a previous letter.
A “Caryophyllus marinus fossilis prope Bononiam inventus” is mentioned in (Scheuchzer 1708), 33, and in (Scheuchzer 1723), 75: “Caryophyllus marinus fossilis. Ex Agro Bononiensi.” Probably, the specimen came from Scheuchzer’s collection. This could explain why Vallisneri was aware of its existence before the Piscium querelae et vindiciae was published.
The related image is missing.
(Scilla 1670). The reference is probably to the figures in Tabs. XIV and XVII, described at p. 166. As the images in Scilla’s and Plot’s treatises clearly show, the terms “corniculum” (“little horn”), “fungites,” and “caryophyllus marinus fossilis” are all names to describe fossil madrepores (Order Scleractinia): a group of stony corals (Phylum Cnidaria, Class Anthozoa). See (Luzzini 2013a), 184–185, note 142; (Vallisneri 2012), 207–208.
All of these terms refer to selenite crystals with various degrees of purity. On Vallisneri’s vast and renowned museum, see (Dal Prete 2011); (Generali 2007), 351–382; (Luzzini 2011a), 108; (2013a), 82–84, 90, 159–165. See also (Vallisneri 2012), 258–260, 315–316.
See the previous note. Here, it must be pointed out that the term “talcum” (“talc”) does not exactly correspond to its modern meaning (i.e., the magnesium silicate with the chemical formula Mg3Si4O10(OH)2). At least up to the second half of the XVIII century, this word was used to describe a vast array of minerals with a sheet-like structure, such as micas (phyllosilicates), actual talc, or selenite.
Mount Kamor (1,751 m/5,745 ft above sea level), in the Appenzell Alps (northeastern Switzerland).
Riano (Province of Rome).
Scheuchzer’s Dialogus was eventually published four years later, in (Scheuchzer 1709).
This is a passage from Pliny the Elder’s Naturalis Historia ((Plinius (Maior) n.d.), XXXVII, 50, http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0978.phi001.perseus-lat1:37.50). The identity of these specimens is uncertain. Besides, as Scheuchzer’s Dialogus remarks, the legendary “androdamas” mentioned by Pliny had been identified by various authors with many different minerals ((Scheuchzer 1709), 204–208).
Accademia degli Inquieti (“Academy of the Restless Ones”) of Bologna. It was founded in 1690 by the mathematician and astronomer Eustachio Manfredi (1674–1739). Reflecting the interests of its founder, the academy was devoted to the study of mathematical and scientific issues. Following the guidance of Luigi Ferdinando Marsili, in 1712 the institution moved to Palazzo Poggi, and in 1714 became the still existing Accademia delle Scienze dell’Istituto di Bologna (“Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna”). On this topic, see (Cavazza 1990); (Cremante and Tega 1984); (De Zan 1990); (Sarti 2003); http://www.accademiascienzebologna.it/en/academy-of-sciences-of-bologna-institute.
The barren, sterile landscape described by Vallisneri is easily recognizable as calanchi (“badlands”), heavily eroded clay soils that are particularly common in the hills between Scandiano and Carpineti. The spectacular display of colors (“rudis colorum varietas”) in the layers reveals the presence of different minerals and rocks. See (Regione Emilia-Romagna 2006), 77; (Senna and Martinello 2000), 77, 86.
Most likely, iron-rich sedimentary rocks containing pyrite grains. Not by chance, pyrite is also known as “fool’s gold” (in Italian, “oro degli stolti”).
Querciola, in the territory of Regnano (this place is now part of Viano, in the Province of Reggio Emilia). A salsa is a peculiar phenomenon of secondary volcanism. It is a cold, muddy mixture composed of water, clay, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons (usually methane and oil) leaking out from the ground. Once the mud reaches the surface, it dries near the crater and accumulates, forming little mud volcanoes a few meters tall. The gas leak from the surface is caused by slow and constant movements of the Earth’s crust: these trigger the underground sacks in which the mixture is enclosed to open or to compress. The volcanoes grow in height if the mud leak is faster than water erosion; oppositely, they tend to decline. The term “salsa” means “salty,” as the mixture contains NaCl. Its salinity is equivalent to 1/2–1/3 of sea water. The salse are also described in (Vallisneri 1711), 352–353; (1728), 65–70. On this topic, see (Luzzini 2011b), 341–343; (2013a), 74–77; (2014a), 211; (2014b); http://www.comune.viano.re.it.
During the XVIII century, the salse of Regnano were much more active than now. The last two considerable emissions happened in 1915 and in 1932, the former going on for 15 days. The—often—violent eruptions involved size enlargements of craters and the formation of vertical fissures in the ground. In one of the most significant episodes, described in 1796 by the physician Domenico Gentili (1744–1825), the mud mass collapsed and caused a landslide in the fields beneath ((Gentili 1833)). In the last few decades, the mud volcanoes have entered a phase of relative dormancy: the portion of land covered with mud, therefore, has gradually decreased. In 2007, during an excursion in Querciola performed together with Dario Generali, Stefano Meloni and Oscar Poli, only some small gas leaks were noticed in the main craters (http://www.vallisneri.it/salse_bituminose.shtml).
According to Hippocratic and Galenic medical tradition (which, still in the early XVIII century, had a strong influence on early modern medicine and on medical terminology), health depended on a balance between four basic fluids in the body, called humours: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. Humours were the metabolic counterparts of the four basic elements (air, fire, earth, water), and were also related to a combination of four essential qualities: hot, cold, wet, and dry. Blood was thought to be hot and wet; black bile, cold and dry; phlegm, cold and wet; yellow bile was hot and dry. All diseases, as well as the existence of four main human temperaments (sanguine, choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic), were explained by the predominance of one humour over the others. For an introductory essay on this subject, see (French 2003).
Synovia, or synovial fluid: a viscous fluid which is found in the cavities of synovial joints (knees, elbows, hips, etc.) of mammals. By acting as a lubricant, it aids in the mechanical function of joints. Typically, synovial pathologies include rheumatic fever, osteoarthritis, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, tumors, and several other diseases.
Vallisneri started studying the salse in 1694, when he was serving as general practitioner in Scandiano. As a physician, he also focused on the clinical effects of the oily mud pouring out from the volcanoes. This resulted to be “very effective to desiccate tumours, mainly those on the legs,” as he scribbled down in one of his early field books, the Quaderni di Osservazioni (“Quella terra, che vomita fuori è bonissima per esiccare i tumori particolarmente delle gambe,” (Vallisneri 1694), Biblioteca Estense di Modena, Raccolta Campori, 701–707, γ. D. 6, 36–42; (2004), 41).
Rio Faggiano, a small tributary of the Tresinaro River. The two streams meet in Rondinara, a village southwest of Scandiano.
The book from the Naturalis Historia mentioned in the manuscript is incorrect (and, moreover, does not exist). The exact reference is (Plinius (Maior) n.d.), XXXVII, 49: “dendrachates, quae velut arbusculis insignis est” (http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0978.phi001.perseus-lat1:37.49).
(Scheuchzer 1700). Dendrites (from the Ancient Greek word δένδρον, “tree”) are tree-like crystal structures, typically iron and/or manganese oxi-hydroxides that form on the surface of rocks or between sedimentary layers. They are quite common in limestone and sandstone beds. On this topic, see (Rudolph 2014), 30–32. See also (Vallisneri 2012), 129–130.
(De Boodt 1609), Liber II, De Lapidibus et Gemmis in specie, Cap. CCXXXVIII, De Stalagmite, 207: “Stalagmites e guttis rotundis in lapidem gypseae substantiae conversis, totus coagmentatur in terra arenosa, qui pro terrae et aquae fluentis qualitate, modo fulcus, candidus, aut griseus fabarum, pisorum, vel coriandri refert magnitudinem. Reperiuntur in una massa plurimi quasi favis inclusi. Copiose isti in Thermis Carolinis”); Cap. CCXXXIX, De Hammite seu ammonite, 207–209: “Ammites vel ammonites ex arenis ita componitur, ut ovis piscium similis videatur, nucis iuglandis est magnitudine, aliquando maior […]. Huius generis reperiuntur qui ex lapillis pisi aut orobi magnitude constant, quos ammites maiores aut pisolithos recte vocare possis.”
(Gessner 1565): “Hammites ovis piscium similis est, et alia velut nitro composita, praedura alioquin […]. Ammonites […] ex arenis ita componitur, ut ovis piscium quod ad figuram attinet, similis videatur esse: nitro interdum, quod ad substantiam et colorem”; Cap. VII, De lithophytis, et rebus fossilibus illis, quae plantas imitantur, 118–121: “Leguminum specie lapidem quidam inveniuntur, pisis […] aut lentibus similes […].”
(Imperato 1672), 588: “È anco un’altra differenza di pietra, o terra composta di piccole forme ritonde simili a pisi, de’ quali ciascuno sino all’ultimo disfacimento si scioglie in cruste bianche, e sottili, che l’una abbraccia l’altra. Dunque ciascun grano è composto di più tuniche, e la pietra tutta composta di molti grani accozzati insieme […].”
(De Monconys 1665), 313: “[…] vis à vis à main gauche est un champ où l’on dit que la Vierge passant par là, trouva des païsans qui semoient des pois, elle les pria de luy en donner, ils luy dirent que c’estoient des pierres; à quoy elle repartit qu’ils en recueilliroient, et depuis il n’y peut rien croistre que des pierres lesquelles ont la figure des pois […].”
Karlovy Vary (Carlsbad), a spa town in the western Czech Republic renowned for its thermal springs.
The reference is to (De Boodt 1609), 207; (Gessner 1565); Cap. VII, 118–121. As the images and descriptions in De Boodt’s, Gessner’s, and Imperato’s treatises show, the terms “globuli lapidei,” “stalagmites e guttis rotundis in lapidem gypseae substantiae conversis,” “pisiformes concretiones,” “lapides pisis aut lentibus similes,” “piccole forme ritonde simili a pisi,” etc. describe pisolite: a sedimentaty rock made of concretionary, calcareous grains that looks like a conglomeration of small pea-shaped spheres from 2–3 mm (0.08–0.1 in) up to a few cm in diameter. However, such descriptions as “ova piscium in massas conglutinata, et petrificata,” “ammites vel ammonites […] ovis piscium similes,” etc., refer to oolites, sedimentary rocks composed of very small, spheroidal grains of no more than 2 mm (0.08 in) in diameter. Hence their name, as they typically look like fish eggs. Arguably, the specimens (“globuli lapidei”) described by Vallisneri are pisolites, these rocks being rather common in the in the gypsum-sulphur formation of the northern Apennines. See (De Waele, Forti, and Rossi 2011), 46. See also (Vallisneri 2012), 277–278.
Mount Valestra (951 m/3,120 ft above sea level), in the territory of Carpineti (Province of Reggio Emilia).
The epitaph on Balista is conventionally ascribed to Virgil, and is considered as one of his earliest works. According to Augusto Rostagni ((Rostagni 1961), 40–43), Balista was Virgil’s schoolmaster, who actually was not a robber; nor was he stoned to death for his deeds (as both the stanza and the legend claim). More probably, a young Virgil just made fun of him for his severity.
Mount Valestra is mainly composed of arenaceous rocks dating back to the Miocene epoch (23–5.3 Ma). It is the northern extremity of a ridge stretching from northeast to southwest in the Carpineti territory, and whose tectonic origin is also the cause of the many caves in the area. Vallisneri explored one of these grottos, the Buca del Diavolo (“Devil’s Pit”). This experience is not reported in the manuscript, but in (Vallisneri 1722b), 282–283. On this topic, see (Luzzini 2013a), 95–96; (2014a), 211.
From the Latin saying “Ne extra oleas” (“don’t [wander] from the olive trees”), which in turn derives from Aristophane’s comedy The Frogs ((Aristophanes/Ἀριστοφάνης n.d.), line 995: “ἐκτὸς οἴσει τῶν ἐλαῶν,” http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0019.tlg009.perseus-grc1:992-1003). See (Miller 1914).
“E diverticulo in viam,” a Latin saying of uncertain origin.
Quara, an ancient spa in the territory of Toano (Province of Reggio Emilia), whose mineral springs had been utilized since the Roman age. This water, rich in sodium (NaHCO3) and potassium (KHCO3) bicarbonates, was considered to be particularly effective for the treatment of skin diseases and digestive problems. In the XV century the springs were still widely utilized; however, when Vallisneri visited the spa it was abandoned and in ruins. See (Luzzini 2013a), 96; (2014a), 212; http://www.appenninoreggiano.it; http://www.comune.toano.re.it/turismo/storia.htm. The mineral springs of Quara are also described in (Vallisneri 1711), 353–354; (1728), 112–117.
(Wecker 1577), 14: “Apud Aquarium terra est a Regio Longobardo 25 miliaribus distans, balneum de Aquario nuncupatum: alumine participat. Viribus simile est balneo della Porretta. Idem.” In the previous edition of Wecker’s Antidotarium Speciale ((Wecker 1574)), Quara is not mentioned.
(Azzari 1623), voice Quara: “[…] quivi si trova il famoso bagno, tanto stimato da’ medici Romani; l’acque del quale di continuo mandano a pigliar, per servirsene in diverse infirmità; il qual bagno vien preconizato da Giacomo Vaccaro nel suo Antidotario; è ne’ monti.” Azzari mentions Wecker’s Antidotarium. Most likely, Vallisneri borrowed this reference from him.
See note 80.
(Falloppio 1606), Tractatus Septimus, De Thermalibus Aquis, Cap. XXV, De balneo Aquariano in agro Regiensi, 324: “Scire namque debetis, quod fluvius Draco appellatus, dividit Mutinensem agrum a Regiensi, in huius fluminis parte illa quae occidentem respicit solem, est hospitium quoddam non procul admodum ab Aquario pago.”
Torrente Dragone (“Dragone Creek”), in the Province of Modena. It merges into the Dolo a few kilometers north from Montefiorino.
Torrente Dolo (“Dolo Creek”), a tributary of the Secchia. It forms a natural boundary between the Provinces of Reggio Emilia (on the west) and Modena (on the eastern side).
Pieve di Rubbiano, an important Romanesque church in the northern Apennines. Now part of the municipality of Montefiorino (Province of Modena). Despite what the farmers told Vallisneri, the church was not built by Matilde di Canossa (see the following note), its origins dating back at least to the IX century. See (Bucciardi 1930); (Grazia and Grazia 1999); (Montorsi 1987), 130–144.
Matilde di Canossa, also known as Matilda of Tuscany (1046–1115). A powerful feudal lady, and one of the most powerful women in medieval Europe, she was a steady supporter of Pope Gregory VII (1020/1025–1085) during the Investiture Controversy: a conflict that opposed the Papacy and the Empire between the XI and XII centuries. At the height of her power, the “Grancontessa” (“Grand Countess”) ruled over a vast part of current Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna, and Tuscany. In 1111, she was crowned Vicar and Vice-Queen of Italy by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry V (1081–1125). On this topic, see (Fumagalli 1996); (Golinelli 1997); (1999).
Psylli, an ancient people who lived in Marmarica, a part of Northern Africa between eastern Lybia and Egypt. During the Roman age, they were renowned for being immune to snake venom and for their ability in the treatment of snake bites. See (Bates 1914), 179–180; (Ogden 2013), 6, 64, 209–214, 231–243, 296–297.
Vitriola, a hamlet in the municipality of Montefiorino. It is located in an area delimited by the mountain ridge on which Montefiorino rests (on the west) and by the Dragone Creek (on the east). Arenaceous and calcareous rocks—typically turbidites—dating back to the Campanian, Maastrichtian, and Danian ages (Late Cretaceous-Early Paleocene, 83.5–61.6 Ma) dominate the lithology of this area. Most likely, the coloring properties of the springs described by Vallisneri result from high concentrations of iron oxides in the water. Cartographic source: (“Carta Geologica d’Italia, Foglio 235 (Pievelago)” 2002). The springs of Vitriola are also described in (Vallisneri 1711), 355; (1717b); (1728), 121–123. On this topic, see also (Rampoldi 1833), 81; (Ricci 1788), 257; (Zuccagni-Orlandini 1845), 45.
The reference is to the Greek myth of Trophonius’ Cave, in Boeotia, where an oracle resided (Μαντείο του Τροφωνίου). According to the legend, those wishing to consult the oracle had to drink from two springs, bearing the names of the rivers of Hades: Lethe (Λήθη, “Forgetfulness”) and Mnemosyne (Μνημοσύνη, “Memory”). On this topic, see (Edmonds 2004), 52, 107; (Ustinova 2009), 91–92; (Vandenberg 2007), 236–242.
Black mulberry, in Italian “gelso nero” (Morus nigra L.), Family Moraceae.
From (Tournefort (de) 1700), 591: “Salix Alpina, Alni rotundo folio.” Dwarf willow, in Italian “salice erbaceo” (Salix herbacea L.), Family Salicaceae. It is a tiny, woody, creeping plant, adapted to cold mountain, arctic and subarctic environments. Once rather common in the northern Apennines, it is now very rare and is regarded as a relict species as a consequence of the climate changes which have occurred in the past three centuries. On the identification of this species in the Italian mountains, see (Parlatore 1867), 277–279.
Medola, an ancient citadel (now part of Montefiorino) located in a crucial strategic point on the left shore of the Dragone Creek. Once a powerful stronghold (especially during the XII and XIII centuries), by the time of Vallisneri’s visit it was in ruins. See (Tiraboschi 1825), 39–40.
Arguably, copper-rich rocks. Many cupric salts have a typical blue-greenish hue.
Church and fortified house of Medola, not to be confused with the homonymous fortress. It was located in the Modena Plain, and was destroyed in 1318. See (Tiraboschi 1825), 39.
Archaic Italian terms for “frana” (“landslide”). More specifically, the word “salatta” was used among the populations of the northern Apennines. See (De Stefani 1875), 6.
Alpe di San Pellegrino (“Alp of Saint Peregrine”), 1,701 m/5,581 ft above sea level. It overlooks the homonymous Pass, where is located San Pellegrino in Alpe (1,525 m/5,003 ft): the highest village in the Apennines. The pass links the Province of Modena (Emilia-Romagna) with Garfagnana (Province of Lucca, Tuscany). See (Luzzini 2013a), 94, 96–97, 102, Tabs. X–XII; (2014a), 209, 212–213.
The body of San Pellegrino delle Alpi (“Saint Peregrine of the Alps,” ?–643), still preserved in the local shrine together with the body of San Bianco (“Saint Blancus”), his only companion. According to the legend, Pellegrino was a pious Irish prince who travelled to the Holy Land. On his way back, he settled in a hermitage on the Apennines. On this topic, see (Angelini 1996).
By using this term, Vallisneri alludes—with evident, intentional irony—to the Jesuit scholar Athanasius Kircher (1602–1680) and to his theory of “hydrophylacia.” In Kircher, Neoplatonic and Hermetic beliefs coexisted with field research and experimental practice, leading to intriguing results. In his Mundus subterraneus ((Kircher 1664)), the whole Earth is studied as a living organism, in which each part is interconnected with the others. Like in the human body, different vital fluids flow through the planet. Natural phenomena are the result of the interaction between these circulatory systems, called “fire networks” (“pyrophylacia”), “air networks” (“aerophylacia”), and “water networks” (“hydrophylacia”). Kircher acknowledges evaporation as a means to replenish springs and rivers. But the “hydrophylacia” are the main causes of this process—they connect the sea to the mountains, allowing the water to rise. On this topic, see (Findlen 2004); (Fletcher 1968); (Parcell 2009).
Arguably, this is an adapted quote from Cicero’s Cato Maior de senectute ((Cicero n.d.), LXXIX): “Apud Xenophontem autem moriens Cyrus maior haec dicit: ‘Nolite arbitrari, O mihi carissimi filii, me, cum a vobis discessero, nusquam aut nullum fore. Nec enim, dum eram vobiscum, animum meum videbatis, sed eum esse in hoc corpore ex eis rebus quas gerebam intellegebatis. Eundem igitur esse creditote, etiamsi nullum videbitis’ ” (http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi051.perseus-lat1:79).
Panaro River (also known as Scoltenna), a main—and the last right-hand—tributary of the Po River.
Differently from Vallisneri, Ramazzini supported a compound origin of fresh water in which precipitation was complemented by both condensation of vapor into caverns and desalination of sea water by filtration through rock strata ((Ramazzini 1691), 56, 62). On this topic, see (Luzzini 2011b); (2013a), 73–74, 98–99, 109, 114, 140, 142, 146, 151, 198–199.
Fornovolasco, a village in the Apuan Alps (Tuscan Apennines), in the western end of Garfagnana. This place, now in the municipality of Fabbriche di Vergemoli, was once renowned for its iron mines. Still, in the XVIII century the mines were intensely exploited on behalf of the Dukes of Este, who used the iron for military purposes. See (Bonini and Biagioni 2007); (Luzzini 2010); (2011a), 107–108; (2013a), 100–102, 124, Tabs. XV–XVII; (2014a), 213–214; (Rocchi 2010).
This seems to be a reference to a biblical passage from the book of Ecclesiastes, Chapter 1, verse 7: “All the rivers run into the sea, yet the sea is not full; unto the place from which the rivers come, thither they return again.”
Here, the author refers to the influential Cartesian theory of “alembics,” according to which hidden channels existed connecting the oceans to the earth, allowing sea water to rise up the mountains by effect of subterranean heat, and to lose its salt by condensation of vapor inside secret caves. In Descartes’ opinion, these condensation phenomena gave a crucial contribution to the water cycle ((Descartes 1644), 228–231). Vallisneri firmly opposed the “alembics” theory, persuaded as he was that all fresh water came from rain or from the melting of glaciers in the mountains. See (Luzzini 2011b); (2013a), 97–98, 109–111, 116–131, 141–153; (2014a), 208, 213.
This is a passage from the Sophist ((Plato/Πλάτων n.d.), III, 218, http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0059.tlg007.perseus-grc1:218c). The same quote is in (Vallisneri 2009), 15.
Unfortunately, the letters Vallisneri refers to are missing. This event occurred in 1680, during the excavation of the Cannaregio, one of Venice’s main canals: suddenly, and unexpectedly, fresh water sprang from the ground. The same episode is mentioned in (Vallisneri 1715), 69: “Narrommi un dottissimo nobil uomo di Venezia, che nello scavare certe altissime fondamente nel loro Canal Regio trovarono una larga vena d’acqua dolce, la quale scorrente sotto le lagune salse colà sboccava, dove poteva farsi, con raro miracolo, una nobilissima fontana.” See also (Vacani di Forteolivo 1867), 168; (Zendrini 1811), 177.
(Porzio 1551), 3: “[…] mare passibus fere CC recessit, quo quidem loco et ingentem piscium multitudinem accolae capere, et aquae dulces prosilire visae fuerunt.” The passage is also quoted in (Vallisneri 1715), 69.
(Perrault 1674). Pierre Perrault (1611–1680), a French hydrologist, in his treatise invoked the existence of a perpetual motion of water, according to which rivers refilled both oceans and fountains. But he denied the Cartesian concept of subterranean heat as a means to explain the rise of water, as it had no acceptable causal explanation. Hence the need for another process, as the “horror vacui,” in obedience to which water could return—against gravity—from rivers to springs ((Perrault 1674), 148–150). See (Luzzini 2013a), 113–114; (Rappaport 1997), 187.
(Bartholin 1689). Caspar Bartholin (the Younger, 1655–1738), a Danish physician, refuted both rock filtration and distillation as natural means of producing fresh water. And just like Vallisneri, he pointed out that no springs existed on the very top of mountains. This phenomenon was simply impossible since—Bartholin asserted—it would have contradicted the laws of hydrostatics and equilibrium and, therefore, it would have been against nature itself ((Bartholin 1689), 34).
A latinization of the Ancient Greek word ἀντιπερίστασις, literally, “against what stands around.” In early modern medicine and natural philosophy, this term was used to describe the mutual resistance, and the resulting mutual reinforcement, of two opposite qualities (as, for instance, the increase of body temperature as a consequence of cold). On this topic, see (Hesse 1961), 55–58, 64, 67–68, 84–86, 101; (Pagel 1976), 74–76; (Varvoglis 2014), 14, 17, 19, 25.
Jacinth, a reddish variety of zircon (ZrSiO4). Arguably, the crystals described by Vallisneri were a dark brown or grey variety of this mineral.
Geodes: hollow, spheroidal rocks with crystals in the inside wall. They usually occur in igneous, quartz (SiO2) rich rocks. This is the case of the geodes from the Euganean Hills (“ab Euganeis”): low, volcanic hills located a few kilometers southwest of Padua. On this topic, see (Astolfi and Colombara 1990); (Bosellini 2005), 98.
The term “uteri crystallini,” used to describe geodes, comes from (Mercati 1717), 259–265. Vallisneri wrote profusely (and anonymously) about this treatise in the “Giornale de’ Letterati d’Italia.” More specifically, see (Vallisneri 1719), 173–174: “Se destramente rompiamo le lenti minori petrose descritte, e le maggiori dette numismi, troveremo, che quelle hanno per lo più nel centro certi minutissimi cristalletti, e per lo più nelle cavità degli angoli de’ loro strati, onde si veggono tutte generate nella maniera presso a poco degli uteri cristallini, coperti anch’essi di più strati di lapidosa materia, nella cavità de’ quali sono i cristalli appiattati, e alle pareti interne attaccati”).
Vallisneri’s thought about mineral genesis and growth was not exempt from ambiguities and fluctuations. As the assertions in the manuscript suggest, he supposed and, somehow, admitted the existence in minerals of such biological features as seeds (or “matrices”) and nourishment. However, this theory (which was also a result of the strong influence that the Leibnizian doctrines of scala naturae and of the recognition of divine providence in creation exerted on him) was hardly compatible with empirical data and with his experimental beliefs. Moreover, one of his most important and influential scientific correspondents—the French philosopher, naturalist, and mathematician Louis Bourguet (1678–1742)—firmly opposed the idea that minerals would need a sort of nourishment. Not by chance, in the last part of his life Vallisneri did not seem to persist in supporting the view of a vegetative power in minerals. On this topic, see (Luzzini 2011a), 109–110; (2013a), 132–137.
Chrysocolla, a blue-green hydrous copper silicate ((Cu,Al)2H2Si2O5(OH)4· n(H2O)). However, this name may also refer to malachite, a green copper carbonate (Cu2CO3(OH)2). On this terminological confusion, see (Colombo 1995), 91; (Ward 2008), 506.
Uri Alps, in central Switzerland.
An unspecified mineral from the hexagonal crystal system. According to the green (“herbaceo”) color, it could be beryl (Be3Al2Si6O18), apatite (Ca5(PO4)3(F, Cl, OH)), or even another kind of mineral.
Brugg (a municipality in the Canton of Aargau, Switzerland).
Mount Pilatus (2,128 m/6,982 ft above sea level). It overlooks Lucerne, in central Switzerland.
The stone quarries of Öhningen, whose carbonate rocks date back to the Miocene epoch (23–5.3 Ma) and contain a large quantity of fossils. Here, in 1725, Scheuchzer found and described his famous Homo diluvii testis (“Man who witnessed the Deluge”): a fossil that he believed to be the remains of a man drowned in the biblical Deluge. Only in 1787 did the anatomist Petrus Camper (1722–1789) recognize the error, and in 1825 Georges Cuvier (1769–1832) identified in the Homo Diluvii testis the fossil remains of a giant salamander, which—in honor of Scheuchzer—was named Andrias scheuchzeri. On this topic, see (Jahn 1969); (Luzzini 2013a), 61–63; https://vimeo.com/46769954.
(Scheuchzer 1702), 29 (and not 24, as is written in the manuscript): “Fluor crystallinus trigonus, striis lateribus pyramidis cuiusque parallelis pulchre notatus. Fig. 41.” According to the image in Scheuchzer’s essay, this is probably a cluster of calcite crystals (CaCO3). Calcite crystallizes in the trigonal system.
Rhaetian Alps, a vast mountain range in the Central Eastern Alps.
Probably a yellow variety of quartz (SiO2), also known as citrine quartz.
Chalcedony, a micro-cryptocrystalline form of quartz. It can occur in many different colors.
Castelnuovo di Garfagnana (Province of Lucca).
The references in the margin note are incorrect. This is an adapted quote from (Dieterich 1661), 1412.
Ancient city of Luna, or Luni (Province of La Spezia), located in the historical territory of Lunigiana. It was close to the shore of the Tyrrhenian Sea and, therefore, was an important Roman harbour. On this topic, see (Sforza 1910).
Lilio Gregorio Giraldi (1479–1552), a scholar and poet from Ferrara. The reference is to (Giraldi 1548), 169–170.
This is a passage from Lucius Annaeus Florus (Epitome Rerum Romanarum, (Florus n.d.), II, 9–21, http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi1242.phi001.perseus-lat1:2.9.21.1).
This is a fake quote attributed to Cato the Elder’s Origines ((Cato maior n.d.)). Actually, the real author is the Dominican friar Annio da Viterbo (or Giovanni Nanni, 1437–1502). In this treatise ((Nanni 1498)), renamed in its many reprints as Antiquitatum variarum, Annio forged a great quantity of documents attributed to several ancient authors. Among them was Cato the Elder, with the supposed book De origine gentium et urbium Italicarum. Vallisneri, like other scholars of his time (and many other previous ones), was deceived by Annio’s work (this note refers to the 1515 edition: (Nanni 1515), Liber VII, LXVIIIr). On this topic, see (Baffioni and Mattiangeli 1981); (Fumagalli 1984); (Pacchi 1785), 11–14; (Stephens 2004).
This is another quote from Annio da Viterbo, falsely ascribed to the Roman consul Caius Sempronius Tuditanus and to the forged book De Divisione & Chorographia Italiae ((Nanni 1515), Liber IX, LXXVIIr, LXXXv). See also (Pacchi 1785), 11–14.
This is another quote from Annio da Viterbo, falsely ascribed to the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius ((Nanni 1515), Liber VIII, Itinerarii Antonini fragmentum, LXXIVv). See also (Pacchi 1785), 11–14.
From Pliny the Elder’s Naturalis Historia ((Plinius (Maior) n.d.), III, 26), http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0978.phi001.perseus-lat1:3.26.
(Plinius (Maior) n.d.), III, 25: “Tigulia intus, Segesta Tiguliorum, flumen Macra, Liguriae finis,” http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0978.phi001.perseus-lat1:3.25.
Anselmo Micotti (1630–1695), a historian from Camporgiano, who wrote a manuscript on the history of Garfagnana ((Micotti 1671)). See also the critical edition of this work, edited by Polimio Bacci ((Micotti 1980)).
According to the priest and historian Domenico Pacchi (1733–1825), both Giraldi and Micotti—and, consequently, Vallisneri—are wrong: the “Tigulia” mentioned by Pliny are not the Panie Mountains, but the ones surrounding Lavagna and Sestri Levante, in the current Province of Genoa (see (Pacchi 1785), 3, 19–21). Pacchi also disagrees on the etymology of Garfagnana from the deity Feronia (Roman goddess of forests, fertility, and health), considering it as a misconception caused by Annio da Viterbo.
Quintus Petilius Spurinus (III century BC–176 BC), Roman consul. He died fighting against the Ligures.
(Livius n.d.), XLI, 18, http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0914.phi00141.perseus-lat3:18. In his treatise, Pacchi strongly disagrees with Vallisneri on the identification of the “Mons Letum” mentioned by Titus Livius with the Alp of Saint Peregrine ((Pacchi 1785), 43–44). Actually, the exact identity of this mountain is still uncertain.
“Letum” means “violent death,” “ruin.”
Pietrasanta (Province of Lucca).
Bientina (Province of Pisa).
Raffaele Maffei (1451–1522), a humanist and historian from Volterra. (Maffei 1506). This note refers to (Maffei 1530), 48v: “Deinde Feronia lucus Ptolemaeo, qui nunc Bientina cum lacu forte fuerit, nonnullis vero Petrasancta.”
Faliscans: an ancient Italic tribe who lived in central Italy from the VIII century BC to 241 BC, when their main city, Falerii, was destroyed by the neighboring Romans. On this topic, see (Waldman and Mason 2006), 247–249.
Mount Soratte (691 m/2,267 ft above sea level), in the Province of Rome.
(Στράβων n.d.), V, 2, http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:5.2. The same quote (in Latin) is in (Giraldi 1548), 170.
Virgil.
(Halicarnassensis n.d.), II, 49: “Delatos autem ad campos Italiae, qui Pomentini vocantur, et agrum, quo primum appulerant, Feroniam vocasse, ab ipsa maris navigatione, in qua ipsis contigerat ut huc illuc ferrentur; et deae Feroniae templum erexisse, cui vota nuncuparant: quam iam, unius literae immutatione, Faroniam vocant” (original Greek version: http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0081.tlg001.perseus-grc1:2.49.5).
Niccolò Perotti (1429/30–1480), Italian humanist, philologist, and Archbishop of Siponto (hence the Latin name “Sipontinus”). The reference is to (Perotti 1489). Page references are to the 1502 edition ((Perotti 1502), 37): “Vir. et viridi gaudens Feronia luco. […] et Iunonem quae Feronia vocabatur. Fontem aut fuisse in Campania iuxta Tarracinam: quae aliquando est Anxur dicta. Sed illud magis constat sub monte Soracte urbem fuisse Feroniam, et in ipso monte eiusdem nominis dea: quam finitimi mira religione venerabantur.”
(Honoratus n.d.), VII, 799–801, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0053: “ ‘Circaeumque iugum.’ Circa hunc tractum Campaniae colebatur puer Iuppiter, qui Anxyrus dicebatur, quasi ἄνευ ξυροῦ, id est sine novacula, quia barbam numquam rasisset, et Iuno virgo, quae Feronia dicebatur. Est autem fons in Campania iuxta Terracinam, quae aliquando Anxur est dicta. ‘Et viridi gaudens Feronia luco.’ Non vacat quod addidit ‘viridi’: nam cum aliquando huius fontis lucus fortuito arsisset incendio et vellent incolae exinde transferre simulacra deorum, subito reviruit. ‘Qua saturae iacet atra palus.’ Secundum hanc lectionem re vera Saturam paludem intellegimus; sed alii ‘Asturae’ legunt. Quod si est, paludem pro flumine posuit; nam haud longe a Terracina oppidum est Astura et cognominis fluvius.”
Terracina (Province of Latina).
Fabrizio Zumali, a lawyer from Lodi who lived in the XVI century. He defended the Republic of Lucca against the Duchy of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio in a legal dispute over the possession of Garfagnana. On this topic, see (Molossi 1776), 187; (Pacchi 1785), 3, 22. The quoted passage is arguably from a part (Informatio XI) of an unknown, larger text.
Pania della Croce (1,858 m/6,096 ft above sea level). It is the highest peak in the mountain range known as Gruppo delle Panie (“Panie Group”), in the Apuan Alps.
Penia (Πενία), Greek mythological goddess of poverty and need.
Barga (Province of Lucca).
Mount Tondo, once known as Mount Tea (1,782 m/5,846 ft above sea level). It divides the drainage system of the Serchio (in Garfagnana) from that of the Magra River, in Lunigiana.
Serchio, the main river in the Province of Lucca (and, therefore, the main river in Garfagnana). It flows into the Tyrrhenian Sea, a few kilometers north from Pisa.
(Ptolemaeus/Πτολεμαῖος n.d.), III, http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/3/1*.html. Arguably, the map number and the related name refer to one of the many Latin editions of Ptolemy’s treatise. I refer here to (Ptolemaeus/Πτολεμαῖος 1584), Europae Tabula VI.
(Plinius (Maior) n.d.), III, 8, http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0978.phi001.perseus-eng1:3.8: “[…] Pisae inter amnes Auserem et Arnum.”
Sillano, the main hamlet of the municipality of Sillano Giuncognano (Province of Lucca).
This name could refer either to Rocca Soraggio or Villa Soraggio, both hamlets in the municipality of Sillano Giuncognano.
Turrite Secca, a western tributary of the Serchio. The two streams merge in Castelnuovo di Garfagnana.
Arno, the main river of Tuscany. It flows into the Tyrrhenian Sea, after passing through Pisa.
Saint Fridianus (Frediano di Lucca, circa 500–588), an Irish prince who travelled to Italy and became Bishop of Lucca. According to a legend, he miraculously diverted the course of the Serchio (which often flooded the nearby city) by using a simple rake. On this topic, see (Fanucchi 1870); (Puccinelli 1952).
This quote is not clear. Here, Vallisneri may refer to a passage from the Saturnalia ((Macrobius n.d.), II, 4, http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Macrobius/Saturnalia/2*.html), where Octavian Augustus ironically addresses his friend Gaius Maecenas as “Laser Aretinum.” For a detailed comment on the relationship between the word “lasar/laser” and the name “Aesar,” see (???), 236–237 and notes.
(Nanni 1515), Liber VII, De origine gentium et urbium Italicarum, LXXv: “Aesar fluvius dictus: quia lingua Hetrusca Aesar dicitur deus, ut Sueton. dicit in Vita Octaviani.”
Vallisneri is referring to the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), a great conflict that scourged Europe after the death of the last Habsburg King of Spain, Carlos II (1661–1700).
Camporgiano (Province of Lucca).
Trassilico. Once an autonomous municipality, now a hamlet in the municipality of Gallicano (Province of Lucca).
Mont’Alfonso Fortress, now part of the municipality of Castelnuovo di Garfagnana.
Alfonso II d’Este (1533–1597), fifth Duke of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio. On this topic, see (Tiraboschi 1825), 131.
Cornelio Bentivoglio, Marquess of Gualtieri (1519/20–1585). On this topic, see (Tiraboschi 1825), 440.
Verrucole Fortress, now part of the municipality of San Romano in Garfagnana (Province of Lucca).
Here, Vallisneri refers to a passage from Gellius’ Noctes Atticae ((Gellius n.d.), III, 7 (6–8), http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/l/roman/texts/Gellius/3*.html): “ ‘Censeo,’ inquit ‘si rem servare vis, faciundum, ut quadringentos aliquos milites ad verrucam illam’—sic enim Cato locum editum asperumque appellat—‘ire iubeas, eamque uti occupent, imperes horterisque; hostes profecto ubi id viderint, fortissimus quisque et promptissimus ad occursandum pugnandumque in eos praevertentur unoque illo negotio sese alligabunt, atque illi omnes quadringenti procul dubio obtruncabuntur. Tunc interea occupatis in ea caede hostibus tempus exercitus ex hoc loco educendi habebis. Alia nisi haec salutis via nulla est’ .”
Alfonso I d’Este (1476–1534), third Duke of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio. On this topic, see (Tiraboschi 1825), 130.
Now the Roman Catholic Diocese of La Spezia-Sarzana-Brugnato.
Now the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lucca.
Rivo del Poggio e di Cavezza (Poggio and Cavezza Creeks), now both known as Cavezza di Verrucole: a small tributary of the Serchio. The two streams merge in Piazza al Serchio (Province of Lucca).
San Romano in Garfagnana (Province of Lucca).
Sillicagnana, a hamlet in the municipality of San Romano in Garfagnana.
The sculpture is an allegory of the Este’s victory over the Republic of Florence (whose symbol was a lion, known as “Marzocco”) in 1521, when Alfonso I d’Este regained Garfagnana after the death of Pope Leo X (Giovanni di Lorenzo de’ Medici, 1475–1521). Therefore, the lion could refer both to the emblem of Florence and to the Pope’s name. On this topic, see (Pacchi 1785), 82.
See note 97.
Timoteo Tramonti (circa XVI–XVII century), an antiquarian from Castiglione di Garfagnana (Province of Lucca). He wrote a manuscript on the history of Garfagnana ((Tramonti, n.d.)). See (Pacchi 1785), 179.
See note 165.
Giovanni Bosio (?–?). Arguably, another antiquarian from Garfagnana.
Bartolomeo Morganti (circa XVI–XVII century), an antiquarian from Garfagnana.
(Torre (del) 1700), 9. Filippo del Torre (1657–1717), Bishop of Adria, was a learned historian, archaeologist, and a friend of Vallisneri. On this topic, see (Vallisneri 1991), 463.
The “Prior Guazzelli” could be identified as Michelangelo Guazzelli (1660-173?), a nobleman from Castiglione. He was appointed Podestà (“chief magistrate”) of Sassuolo (Province of Modena) from 1720 to 1724, and later became Podestà of San Felice sul Panaro (Province of Modena), from 1724 to—at least—1731. See (Cionini 1880), 214.
On the great mineralogical diversity that can be found in Garfagnana (including such mineral species as—among many others—pyrite, marcasite, copper, and silver), see (Biagioni 2009); (Bonini and Biagioni 2007); (Luzzini 2013a), 100, note 108.
Arguably, mineral sulphur (S). When burnt, it produces sulphur dioxide (SO2), a toxic gas (hence, probably, the expression “exhalat”).
Considering the location where this phenomenon was observed, Vallisneri’s assumptions seem plausible. It could have been either an ignis fatuus (or “will-o’-wisp,” in Italian “fuoco fatuo”: weak flames produced by the decomposition and natural combustion of organic matter) or the bioluminescence of fireflies.
Bagno della Pieve, a spa still used in the municipality of Pieve Fosciana (Province of Lucca). It is also described in (Vallisneri 1711), 355–356; (1728), 105–107.
Jacopo Lavelli (XVI–XVII century), a physician from Castelnuovo and Professor of Medicine at the University of Pisa. In 1609, he wrote a letter in Latin on these thermal springs. A partial transcription of this letter is reported in (Paolucci 1720), 78. An Italian translation of the entire letter was then published in (Vandelli 1760), 77–93, 102–103. Finally, a complete transcription of the original Latin text can be found in (Pacchi 1785). On this topic, see (De Stefani 1879); (Pacchi 1785), 197, 200–201. For a detailed chemical study of the thermal springs of the Serchio River valley, see (Calvi et al. 1999).
Terme Tettuccio, one of the most ancient and renowned spas in Montecatini Terme (Province of Pistoia). Here, Vallisneri refers to a passage from Lavelli’s letter ((Pacchi 1785), LXXIX): “[…] eo modo, et ordine sumitur, quo aqua Tettucciorum sumi consuevit.”
Reggio (Regium Lepidi), the ancient name of the city of Reggio Emilia.
From Galen’s De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus ((Galenus/Γαληνός n.d.), IX, De lapidibus, https://books.google.it/books?id=pswQcfcp4VkCprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageqf=false): “Est et alius lapis colore atro, qui ubi igni admotus fuerit, persimilem bitumini odorem exhibet, quem Dioscorides nonnullique alii in Lycia inveniri prodiderunt, ad fluvium nomine Gagatem, unde et ipsi lapidi nomenclaturam inditam dicunt […].” Here, too, Vallisneri refers to a passage from Lavelli’s letter ((Pacchi 1785), LXXVII): “Galenus enim, et Mesues, praecipui praeceptores nostri, asserunt oleum, quod de bitumine petrae gagatis extrahitur, talia beneficia afferre consuevisse; vim enim emolliendi, aperiendi, et discutiendi ei tribuit Galenus.”
“Lapis Gagates”—“jet” in English, “gaietto” in Italian—is a type of lignite once used in jewelry (because of its relative hardness and translucence) and in medicine. On the chemical composition of the thermal waters in Pieve Fosciana, see (Calvi et al. 1999), 50–52.
Though the location of this second, unexploited thermal spring is not clear, Vallisneri is evidently referring to a passage from the last part of Lavelli’s letter ((Pacchi 1785), LXXIX: “Mille passus procul a dictis thermis, sed in opposita parte alterius montis, quaedam aquae thermales nuper inventae sunt, quae ad hepar refrigerandum summopere conducunt, et inter alias (quia tres sunt numero) una ipsarum reperitur lactis saporem referens, quod monstruosum dici potest; cum in terrae cavernis id gignatur, quod in pectore solummodo animalium naturae decreto gigni consuevit. Et haec insignem hepati affert refrigerationem; sed ob fluminis viciniam, et supereminentis montis oppressionem difficillime defendi possunt, quin aquae misceantur; et nondum intelligere potui, quid sit de ipsarum commodo usu sperandum.” Pacchi ((1785), 197) agrees with Vallisneri. But according to others ((Calvi et al. 1999), 46–48; (De Stefani 1904), 119–120; (Paolucci 1720), 78; (Vandelli 1760), 101–103), Lavelli’s note refers to the Torrite thermal waters: these are located on the opposite side of the Serchio, and are described by Vallisneri later in the manuscript.
Carlo Davini (16?–17?), uncle of Vallisneri. See (Vallisneri 1991), 124.
Giambattista Terni (16?–17?). Arguably, an uncle of Vallisneri.
Giulio Rossi (16?–17?), from Scandiano, Capitano di Ragione (i.e., governor and chief magistrate) of Camporgiano. See (Cionini 1880), 89, note 1.
Torrite thermal waters, an ancient spa in the municipality of Castelnuovo di Garfagnana. The spring was located on the Apuan (western) side of the Serchio River, along the Turrite Secca Torrent. It disappeared in 1948, as a consequence of the construction of a nearby hydroelectric power plant ((Calvi et al. 1999), 46–50). The Torrite thermal waters are also described in (Vallisneri 1711), 356–357; (1728), 108–111. On this topic, see also (De Stefani 1904); (Pacchi 1785), 197–200; (Paolucci 1720), 78; (Vandelli 1760), 95–104.
For a comment on the use of this term in the manuscript, see note 121.
Despite what could be argued, the hydrothermal activity of the Euganean Hills is not a consequence of their volcanic origin. Rather, the thermal and chemical features of these springs result from the penetration of water 3 kilometers (1.85 miles) deep into the Earth’s crust through fractures in rocks. At this depth, the water meets a crystalline basement and is forced upwards by hydraulic pressure, eventually flowing at high temperature (up to 75°C) and enriched with mineral salts, including such elements as Cl, Na, K, Mg, Br, I, Si. On this topic, see (Astolfi and Colombara 1990); (Bosellini 2005), 98; (Luzzini 2013a), 84; http://www.parcocollieuganei.it.
This is a passage from Cassiodorus’ Variae ((Cassiodorus Senator n.d.), II, 39, http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cassiodorus/varia2.shtml). The same quote is in (Vallisneri 2006), 291 and note 713.
As is pointed out in the Italian synthesis of the Primi itineris Specimen ((Vallisneri 1726), 382), Vallisneri is specifically referring to the Terme d’Abano: the most renowned spa in the Euganean Hills (now in the municipality of Abano Terme, Province of Padua). On this topic, see (Luzzini 2013a), 84–87, 186; (Vallisneri 1706).
From Proteus (Πρωτεύς), a Greek mythological god of waters, who—just like water—constantly changed shape. Hence the Latin adjective “protheiformis” (“protean” in English, “proteiforme” in Italian), which means “versatile,” “mutable.”
Fonte della Vergine di Monteortone (“Spring of the Holy Virgin of Monteortone”), in Abano Terme. According to a legend, in 1428 the soldier Pietro Falco bathed in it, and was miraculously healed from plague. Later in the XV century, a shrine was built on this site (Santuario della Madonna della Salute, “Shrine of the Madonna of Health”), becoming a popular destination of pilgrimage. See (Luzzini 2013a), 86–87; (Vallisneri 2006), 246 and note 636; http://www.abanoterme.net/abano-citta.html; http://www.monteortone.it/3sto/app.htm.
Here, Vallisneri is supposedly referring to the vascular network of the skin.
Areola: a circular, pigmented area in the skin. Usually, this term refers to the colored area which surrounds the nipple.
This is an adapted quote from (Cassiodorus Senator n.d.), II, 39, http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cassiodorus/varia2.shtml: “Haec perennitas aquarum intellegendi praestat indicium per igneas terrae venas occultis meatibus influentem imitus in auras erumpere excocti fontis inriguam puritatem”; “Spatium, quod inter aedem publicam et caput igniti fontis interiacet, silvestri asperitate depurga.”
The location of this other, unexploited thermal spring is not clear, though Vallisneri (see also (Vallisneri 1726), 383) places it on the eastern side of the Turrite Secca Torrent. In any case, according to Domenico Pacchi ((Pacchi 1785), 200), by the second half of the XVIII century this spring no longer existed.
Variation of Aponus, a deity of the ancient Adriatic Veneti, later identified with the Greek god Apollo (Ἀπόλλων) and, as such, dispenser of health. Hence the modern name “Fonte d’Abano” (“fons Aponi”). On this topic, see (Lazzaro 1981).
This is an adapted quote from Saint Jerome’s Epistolae ((Hieronymus n.d.), CXXX, 7, http://ctsstage.dh.uni-leipzig.de/text/urn:cts:latinLit:stoa0162.stoa004.opp-lat3/passage/130.7.11-130.7.14): “Polire faciem purpurisso, et cerussa ora depingere; ornare crinem, et alienis capillis turritum verticem struere.”
Italian arum, in Italian “gigaro chiaro” (Arum italicum Miller), Family Araceae. It is a herbaceous, perennial plant native to the Mediterranean region, growing 30 to 46 cm in height (12–18 in). Its tuberous rhizome is particularly rich in starch, which in Trassilico was once used as a substitute for the common wheat starch. On this topic, see (Gastaldo 1987), 469–470; http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=y760.
In the second half of the XV century, the Duke Ercole I d’Este (1431–1505) promoted the exploitation of the iron deposits in Fornovolasco. To this purpose, he availed himself of expert miners from the Lombard city of Brescia. See (Luzzini 2013a), 100n.
Turrite di Gallicano, also known as the Petrosciana Torrent: a western tributary of the Serchio. The two streams merge in Gallicano.
The area of the iron mines in Fornovolasco has an extremely complex geological history. In particular, the mines are hosted in a Paleozoic outcrop whose quartz-muscovite phyllites (SiO2; KAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH, F)2) date back to the late Cambrian and Ordovician periods (540–440 Ma), while the origin of the rich pyrite veins in this zone is related to evaporitic processes typical of coastal lagoons. Cartographic source: (“Carta Geologica Del Parco Delle Alpi Apuane, Tavola 1,” n.d.). On this topic, see (Biagioni 2009); (Bonini and Biagioni 2007); (Luzzini 2013a), 100, note 108; http://www.vallisneri.it/osservazioni-ferro.shtml.
Domenico de’ Corradi d’Austria (1677–1756), chief superintendent of artillery on behalf of the Duke and a very expert miner. His practical knowledge played a key role in the success of Vallisneri’s investigations in Garfagnana, as Corradi provided him with advice, direct assistance, helpers and equipment for his explorations. See (Luzzini 2008), 351, 355; (2010), 97, 102, 104, 107; (2011a), 107–108; (2013a), 100–101, 124–129; (2014a), 214. On the fruitful editorial collaboration between Vallisneri and Corradi, see (Luzzini 2012), 51; (2013a), 101; (2017), 134, 136.
God.
The University of Padua.
(Fabra (dalla) 1700). In this treatise, Luigi dalla Fabra, who already studied the therapeutic properties of the renowned white, aluminium- and silica-rich clay of Nocera Umbra (now in the Province of Perugia), focused on a strange “tartareous substance” found in a fountain of that city. Once put in boiling water, he noticed the formation of “silvery, shining bubbles,” and the following precipitation of an “extremely white and solid matter” (arguably, silica and/or aluminium salts) on the bottom of the bronze vases where the experiments were performed (“aheneorum lateribus, et fundo sensim adhaerens concressit, ut in materiam albam, densam, nonnihil ponderosam, nec de facili friabilem, asperioremque, et crystallinam, gustui aliquantulum subacidiusculam, dentes nonnihil exasperantem, et in aqua indissolubilem, indurescat”). On this topic, see (Vallisneri 1717a).
Unfortunately, the letters Vallisneri refers to are missing.
Arguably, potassium nitrate (KNO3).
This adapted, recapitulatory quote refers to (Boyle 1676), Latin edition of (Boyle 1674). Boyle’s corpuscularianism strongly influenced Vallisneri’s early thought about mineral genesis and growth. On Boyle’s theory, see (Anstey 2002); (Clericuzio 1990); (Hirai and Yoshimoto 2005); (Luzzini 2011a), 109–110; (2013a), 134–135; (Pighetti 1988); (Yoshimoto 1992). For a study on Boyle’s alchemical interests, see (Principe 1998). On the early modern debate about the existence of biological features in minerals and rocks, see (Hirai 2005); (Norris 2009); (Oldroyd 1974).
See note 19.
Tana che urla (“Screaming Cave”) of Fornovolasco, one of the most interesting and renowned karst caves in Garfagnana. An experimental replication of Vallisneri’s exploration was performed in 2006. On this topic, see (Luzzini 2008); (2010), 104–114; (2013a), 100–101, 124–129; (2014a), 214; http://www.vallisneri.it/osservazioni-tana.shtml.
The deposition of calcite (CaCO3), the dominant mineral in karst environments, is controlled by the reversible chemical reaction . Consequently, the dissolution or precipitation of calcium carbonate is strictly influenced by changes in the chemical equilibrium of this reaction, which depends on the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the water (the lesser the amount of CO2, the more CaCO3 is deposited). In turn, the solubility of CO2 in fresh water increases with increasing pressure and decreasing temperature. On the karst caves in Fornovolasco, see (Bonini and Piantini 2001); (Speleoclub 1999).
On the wide array of speleological formations that can be observed in the Tana che urla, see (Luzzini 2008); (2010), 104–114; (2013a), 124–129, Tabs. XIX–XXI; http://www.vallisneri.it/osservazioni-tana.shtml.
(Agricola (Bauer) 1546). The terms “venae,” “venulae,” “canales,” and “canaliculi” can be ubiquitously found in Agricola’s treatise. However, it is worth mentioning here a significant passage from the third book of the De natura eorum quae effluunt ex terra ((Agricola (Bauer) 1546), 127), that clearly shows Agricola’s opinion about the origin of fresh water: “[…] canales aquarum, quae fluunt aut propria earum vis effecit. Etenim fontanarum vis excavavit venas, suas charadras torrentium, rivorum et fluminum suos alveos: perpaucis exceptis, quos homines foderunt. Aut hominum manus eos canales effecit: sicuti fistulas, tubos, fossas aquae ductuum. Igitur aquae quae fluunt, omnes sunt aut fontanae, aut pluviae, aut nivales.”
Drinking sea water (or not adequately desalinated water) causes many dangerous and potentially lethal effects, including dehydration, the ingestion of harmful bacteria, and kidney damage. This may lead to urinating blood (hematuria), as Vallisneri probably observed in one or more of his patients.
Eventually, Vallisneri realized his purpose ten years later, in 1715, with the publication of the Lezione Accademica intorno all’Origine delle Fontane. Not by chance, in this treatise many disputations and reports (as, for example, the field research in the Apennines and the exploration of the iron mines and of the Tana che urla in Garfagnana) recall and develop the content of the Primi itineris Specimen. On this topic, see (Luzzini 2008); (2010), 104–114; (2011a); (2013a), 90–160, Tabs. VII–XXVIII; (2014a).
Actually, the quoted passages are not from Plato’s Euthydemus ((Plato/Πλάτων n.d.), http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0059.tlg021.perseus-grc1:271a), but from Hippias minor ((Plato/Πλάτων n.d.), 372, http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0059.tlg026.perseus-grc1:372e).
Ianus (or Janus) was one of the oldest and most important deities in ancient Rome and among the early Italic peoples. It was the god of beginning and transitions. Because of this symbolism, his effigy (typically consisting of two faces, looking both to the future and the past) frequently appeared on gates and passages. The doors of the main Temple of Ianus in Rome were kept open in time of war, and closed in time of peace. With this image, Vallisneri is referring to the War of the Spanish Succession, which in 1705 was raging in Italy and Europe. On the cult of Ianus, see (Burchett 1918); (Gasperoni Panella and Cittadini Fulvi 2008).
Jasper (SiO2): a microcrystalline, opaque variety of chalcedony. It can occur in different colors, depending on the impurities in it. Red jasper, whose color is due to iron inclusions, can be commonly found in the Apuan Alps. On this topic, see (De Stefani 1889), 330–333.
In the next two decades, Vallisneri refined and enriched this list, in his effort to define the ideal goals and procedures of a philosophical field research. In the Continuazione dell’Estratto of 1726, the “Indice di osservazioni” (“Index of observations”) listed up to 26 points ((Vallisneri 1726), 404–417). On this topic, see (Luzzini 2013a), 104–106; (2014a), 215–217.
(Petrarca 1581). On the identification of this source, see (Vallisneri 1726), 421.
Iter <…>num montanum
Montes mutinenses Specimen
Archyliceo Practicae Medicinae in primo loco Publico
L.V. Scandianensi
proijcere
Sprezzerete probabilmente forse
o riveritissimo amico Accademici
cammini, e che da quelli chieggia dirò così risposte e notizie per conoscere imparare
cammini, e che da quelli chieggia dirà risposte
cammini, e chiedendo colà risposte
leggi, fra quegli taciti
parendo, che
deserti ed che paiono dalla
dove bollono cotanto si
scogli, e dirupi immensi, sassi acque
e sassi immensi terribili
caverne, ne’ quali urtano, e si dirompono con istrepito per non dire con isdegno le acque cadenti, che se
sentirvi ridire parlare
scoperta, e confermata confermata, quando sarà e addimesticata
nobile congresso adunanza
più speldente splendida
illustrare le loro patrie, e ci rimproverano, e murmurano ci
illustrare la natura. Filosofica storia e ci
e infruttuoso infindo)
su ne’ monti quelli
pareva
non fosse sia
diletto, come ora descendere
lora
un <…> filosofo
me
natura solamente contrasta
Margin note (left): S’aspetti d’essere a Scandiano etc.
la g<rande> minera dello zolfo nobile
Scandiano verso il monte, posta
Gesso, sopra cui si veggono ancora le fondamenta d’un’antichissima ca fortezza, che dietro
piccolo torrente rivo
acque piovane di quel monte nelle
fu quello, che
ora la superficie, da
Margin note (right): Zolfat<ara>, fumo di zolfo
dove onde nasceva
quale balordagine scempiaggine
una cieca subita
il torrente rivo
a certa povera
gente per accatto venderlo di
dil dcercare
ritrovata della quale era così
che basta per da
città. Appena s’entra dentro la cava, che Due
insieme nel fine per
dell’aria, che vanno in capaci
etc.
Aloiysio de la Fabra Pub.co Lycei Ferrariensis Professori. Reptantem
mussito. Alpinas Montanas
primo
Fervente Augusto.
Carpebam iter, adulto iam anno, montes versus, non solum relaxandi animi gratia, sed ut vix tactas a nostris opes medicas, et naturales antrum
primoFervente Augusto.Carpebam iter, adulto iam anno, montes versus, non solum relaxandi animi gratia, sed ut medicas, et naturales opes vix a nostratibus tactas salutatas, quibus iuga nostra ditantur, rimarer. Sic Gesneri amici Scheuchzeri, aliorumque transalpinorum vestigiis inhaerenti inherenti mihi modo volupe fuit per ima reptare, modo excelsa calcans cacumina caput inter nubes attollere. Si enim ullibi Natura dives est, inibi est, ubi pretium facit horror, et cruda locorum asperitas, caelique inclementia socordes arcet. Tum mihi aliquando maior videbar me ipso, et supra graves curas, pompamque gentemque togatam caput elevans, cogitationibus vacuus, negotiis liber, totus natura plenus cum natura solum tacita rixabar. Occurrebat primo visendum antrum
versus laxatur patet
graveolens, fumosum, asperum. Pauci sub hinc annis Principis generositate rursus detectum, licet antiquorum incuria saxis ingentibus obrutum, et sola incolarum traditione vix notum. Excellens
est, Romana pinguius, et coloratius, et ac
est, Romana pinguior, et coloratior, et ac
Spallanzanus amicissimus meus, qui
etiam alpini montani
fornicem supergressus ingressus
observabam cognatas multi
variis stiriis striis, vel ac
instar, cretae argillae
Margin note (left): Vide Fig. prima
fossores vulgo cretone
Tam stireae striae
ac sinisdextrorsum
illa sedet infixum
germinet, namque vix
adhaerens viderunt invenitur
Aqua filatim tenui
alto serpens depluens
ita rotundatos levigatos
ita rotundos levigatos
quodam amictu velo
sulphureae minerae truncus
dispersi, ac veluti cum
pomm<ae>
longitudo usque ad
gypseis, saxeis tartareis
In the text: Difert
vero fere transversaliter oblique
versus inclinata sita
minorisque
impensis extrahitur eruitur
Nec tam immensae adeo
impurius immixtumque saxo quodam tophaceo quod
In the text: subviridique
dilutaque
expertum macrius pallidiusculum, macriusque appellatusque caballinum est
From this point on, text at p. 5 continues on an additional, unnumbered paper (IX). This is written only on the recto.
vero commune ad
citrinum magis flavo
per analysim enchirisim
in sudato egregio
copiosis
From this point on, text continues on p. 5.
aerem ista cavea
combibit
bibit. In solstitio aestivo ab operibus otiari necesse est, eo quod adeo densi vaporum glomi erumpant, Solstitio
From this point on, text continues on the recto of a second additional paper (X.r).
On the verso (X.v) is a cancelled writing: Sulphur elevat scoriam ab omnibus de<tra> metallis, excepto auro, praecipue virginale, hinc si placet etc.
Nigrum tingit nummos argenteos etiam in <…>a reconditos etc.
From this point on, text continues on p. 5.
benefitia
fummo
sani evadebant
scoriis, incastigatisque crudisque
hiantes spiracula volvulos
From this point on, text at p. 6 continues on p. XI.r, first of two additional, unnumbered papers (XI–XII).
sulphuri fusum fundendo
In the text: preit
stillitans
abit. Nec solum scabiem, sed ulcera antiquo etiam scatentia tabo delet. Hunc
revalescunt, a fortiori eo
minera impraegnatis imbutis
res ex contraria
voto non successit
successit. Reserata enim Scissis
nam <…> ulterius
illis speculiformibus non <ad…>, pulmonum inoculato vulnere, scissisque ulterius acutis
illis speculiformibus non <ad…>, pulmonum inoculato vulnere, scissisque magis abitis acutis
evomuit, ut cum Virgilio loquar, purpuream
addere debeamus, quin
In the text: attrhaere
insitum deradere attrahere
From this point on, text continues on p. XII.r.
antiquo etiam tabo scatentia tabo delet ulcera
fodinae terra sulphurata
In the text: catharroque
tussi aspera catarrhoque
viscido, tusseque aspera graves anhelosi
aqua communi calentes calamo
superimponatur; ruboresque faciei tollit sulphur
enim, observante Ettmulero, refertur
quae faciei cuti
From this point on, text continues on p. XI.v.
In the text: numo
In the text: charactheribus
In the text: numo
praebet.
Intendimi chi può, che m’intend’io.
Nec
From this point on, text continues on p. 6.
cutis beneficia externa
cutis emolumentum externa
opes fumantis praecipue sub
opes accensi praecipue sub
sentit. Tabidos, Asthmaticos, et pulmone ulceroso squallidos saepe
sentit. Tabidos, Asthmaticos, tussiculosos, phytisicosque saepe
nostro s<aup…> eventu
tollerent
From this point on, text continues on p. XII.v.
This paper is the recycled scrap of a letter. On the right edge of the verso is written: “Um.mo
Andando Pietro”
favere. Qui vero, sulphuris operibus incumbunt, omnes sani degunt, non ultimum misellae plebis solatium. Hinc non ut metallurgi damnati ad poenam, sed ad felicitatem existunt. Nec
favere. Deverso <haec>, ac <…> <…d…>i accentu, ac austico, quoniam diverso re<s> dedi<t> partum, apparatu m<etall…> Nec
favere. Tantae molis est, diversum mixtorum ingenium partis cognoscere, et dato tempore naturae non morbo favere. Nec
From this point on, text continues on p. 6.
pestilentiali aut contagioso quodam
exemplo, atque doctrina, et
morbi tyrannidem saevitiem
morbi truculentiam saevitiem
sulphuris seu flores (in the manuscript, the order of the words “sulphuris” and “resinae terrestris seu” has been inverted by marking them with numbers).
alveolum, sive modulum liquato sulphure elevantur
sulphureis moleculis ramentis
sapiunt observante id et cum amatissimo, et doctissimo viro D. Victorio Stancario, ex
praxim adeo tam
concipies.
Ramentis Moleculis
erumpens in externum
variosque
colores velamen a
partes inglorio abiecto
Stancardus
provido quodam fatorum
sepposito promiscuae immiscuae
labores, et incogitata vitae pericula deludens
impraegnatam
chalcantosa aliqua parva
aciditate gravidum liquamen
In the text: similima
nonnulli blaterent putent
From this point on, text continues at the bottom of p. 6.
montis dextera sinistra
pyrites, marchesitaeve incertae
quamplurimae
Margin note (right): Volve unam paginam
From this point on, text continues on p. 9.
Dupplex
Glabellum
immixtae stratis tabulatis
In the text: soli
pollinem rediguntur fatiscunt
quodam non inerudito, me
sudoriferis, tanquam alchalica, et lepartica febribus
aureulis lamellibus
vetra
tum illibata adhuc
patentia diluviana, vel antediluviana pelagi
ac
mare, ubi quo
Glabellum
<…>lino-nitrosum
sulphureo-viscidum
ubi praeternaturaliter aestuat
et incogitata egregia
collibus ad fucatas palatus delicias dulcissimae
inhvehunt
Parte laeva dextera
ex margae mineralis subrubrae turbinati colliculi assurgunt
genus, ac scabro
semina excudunt, inveni emittit
Margin note (left): Fig. 2
secundam; ac tu quoque hariolare. Semidigitum
entalorum
intersectae, q qua
intersectae, cuius qua
rubra-cinerosa
dignissimum meritumque celeberrimae Academiae
essent, tutarer scirem
In the text: plectronarios
deteguntur, quae et
Bononiense
obtinuisse refert monet
Margin note (left): Fig. 3
Scyllae
haec
ambitus, ut ita dicam, corona plurimo
In the text: similimo
siliceo, py arenoso
In the text: trapatiis
terminabatur. Multa al Alias
amice, Patriosque ingratosque
In the manuscript, the order of the words “salutemus,” “tergo,” and “relictos” has been inverted by marking them with numbers.
Post quatuor quinque
sterilissima
horrore feroces animos quosdam
horrore curioso praecipuo suo modo quosdam
praecipites recessus abyssos
Fastigiata sunt ubique
et compacta coacta (in the manuscript, the order of the words “adeoque,” “coacta,” and “creta” has been inverted by marking them with numbers).
undatim ac tabellatim modo dispositis
inde disseminantur erumpunt
qui rupti quandoque scissi
aureas moleculas micas (in the manuscript, the order of the words “aureas” and “micas” has been inverted by marking them with numbers).
naturam autumant non
versus citra trans
Ternarium fl torrentem
iniucundum curiosis philosophorum
mugit quandoque solum
fluxile solum. Salsam
perennis, et, ut
centum terrae montis
minima
extra solitus
diceres, cum comparatio ob tenuitatem, obscuritatemque loci subsannanda foret. grandia
haec tamen enim
In the manuscript, the order of the words “fulminat” and “tonat” has been inverted by marking them with numbers.
ruinasque
aqua stillitans punctuo
humore solamen nascentibus
etiam lutum eum
montis versus stillitat
possus
In the text: dentritas
In the text: 138
etiam possunt queunt
scopulosque
aemulantis
sepposito
mulcere Parergo. Arabat
ad immane saxum
In the text: induncit
ostio, magicum limen, quod
In the text: aparuit
pendulisque saxis tophis
aureum fulgurabat erigebatur
cineroso
In the text: pixydulaeque
lucidus gelidum novum
implere crumenam famem
monstrante verum, sacculos
memorandum saeculis omnibus annalibus
depopulat
In the text: discescessunt
hostiis
In the manuscript, the order of the words “iecere” and “vepretum” has been inverted by marking them with numbers.
volam illas credebat
contortas, horrendumque ac immane sibillantes
Transivit illico vicissim
qui
fortuna <…>gies negotiis
eminentes
creduntur. Et fortasse lepidam hanc inauditiunculam ipsi credulo popello imposuerunt, ut suspicionem omnem suas ex alienis opibus accumulatas opes averterent, invidiaeque, ac litium tela fabuloso clypeo retunderent. Sed
divagemus
Margin note (left): Vide Epist. 2 pag.
Quaram balneum thermas
tota Italia Europa
Regiensibus a medicos
multos
temvo
sentiant incommoda iras
Margin note (left): De Thermal. Aq. Cap. 25, pag. mihi 324
affectae, tepidiusculae frigidiusculae
odore graves praeditae
intestinalibus, aut cuiuscumque speciei insectis extinguendis in nostri corporis latebrulis quandoque hospitantibus extinguendis
In the text: flatulentae
licet palmari circa
situm plectatur errore a
situm erraverit a
ripas
obmutuerunt. Orientem Septentrionem
foramine vel in ulteriores usus, vel in
locum reptatus descensus
luto, ruderibus sabula
gratissimae.
Transmissa Tranato
gratissimae.
Transmitto Tranato
foetentes qui vulgo putantur sulphurei
nomine scatent. Parum
solum noti, et pecorique noti etc. gratissimi. Ibi
In the text: glomi
examinari
Obscura
spernenda magnae matris beneficentia
earundem fructuum phyliris
ac nigrae vestes, illis
ac illae illis
filamenta telarum, quae
Si tabaccinum ziziphinum
salicis pumicis alpinae
eruerentque
From this point on, text at p. 22 continues on the recto of an additional, unnumbered paper (XIII). This is the recycled cover of a letter. On the verso is written: “All’Ill.mo Sig.re Sig.re P.rone Col.mo
Il Sig.re Antonio De’ Vallisnieri Pubb.o Prof.e
nello Studio di
Padova”
experimenta. Nullum Nondum
acquae
fere volatile innocens
sinu condunt fovent
fervido, aliisque et
tono depauperatis suppetias allaturas languentibus
posse, non minime
interis
tot celeberrimos praestantissimos
ut interim experientias
utilitatem procul dubio allaturo/is vindicaturi asciscent
utilitatem adsciscent asciscent
From this point on, text continues on p. 22.
anno mala sors
tessulatim veluti dispositi
semperque
undis flagellat lambit, pervenimus accessimus
Arx haec erat
horrendum ingens, scopulumve
rubro-lividum
tartaro, cautes minimis
refertis
argenteamve
sterilemque aeream cupream (uti referunt) solum invenerant
salicibus
a tacitis subterraneis
dicem
costae
rupis
facies
per stratorum tabulatorum
macerantur, verrenturque rodunturque
tandem Alpium quas Apeninum
Letis
Alpes (Alpe di S. Pellegrino) vocant
resistens non sine lacrymis venerati
catharactas impenetrabiles inaccessas
quot altissimos arcanos
Adhuc Augustus mensis Augusti mensis erat aestuans
fagus securi, aeternum
ubera latent. Udo
fine carent stillantes
machinas hydraulicas hydrophylaces
desunt, hydrophylacia, cisternae foetae perpetuae
enim nec Scitula Scultemna
Glabellum
radices lambens praeterfluens
inde in Mutinensi planitie variis e tortibus artefactis locis tanquam
ingeniose sapientissimus clarissimus
collega noster meus
Margin note (left): De Font. Mutin. Admiranda Scaturig. Tractatus Physico-Hydrostaticus, Mutinae 1691
fontium, omniumque perennium copiarum qui
rarior fluxus cursus
terrarum orbe gremio
fluxes
absorpte, ut plurimum, per
shoc
Margin note (left): Animad. 86
disseruit, non amplectar. Quod
In the text: mare
quis, aut ubi, aut
meum cum etenim
homines, in Deumque, in universamque
aperiae
per elitteras
non ex substratis aperto
non vicinis aperto
solum planitiebus, ut in nostris agris, sed
penetrati
experimentis infida fallax
nullum porosum marmor
Liburnique manente Casteno puteos
scilicet evidenti indubio
mutuentur aquas. Alia
Caspasque
vel expuenda expungenda
substratis planitiebus agris
triste caelum, me
audire subposita subiecta
Videbas
modus
tonabat. Non etenim ibi fabul Ex
bohemicis
absimiles
stiriae
In the text: candum
referengem
Margin note (right): Volve ad pag. 31 dopo sette carte
Margin note (left): Si voltino 7 carte etc.
Margin note (right): Volve ad pag. 31
Margin note (left): Tunc oculis
Margin note (right): *Tunc oculis obiicitur etc. (volve retro septem paginas)
From this point on, text at p. 31 continues on nine additional papers (XIV–XXII), placed between pp. 30 and 31.
In the text: vicubusque
This name is written in regular font.
Margin note (left): Lib. 2, Cap. 1, p. 42, 43 videatur
Margin note (left): Ode al S.r D. Ascanio Pio di Savoia etc.
hac ego nos
In the text: reccollecta
cuius
excaventur
cum aedificata sint castra
In the text: apellavit
fertilitate
In the text: apellatus
affluxit
Metallum
tum
Antiquitus vero enim
vulpeculis quandoque saepe
clarescit.
Aer non inclemens, sed <…> Alpes malus sub Alpibus <…f…ex…> <…> meridies.
Quinque
In the text: apellant
militibus, vel lanceariis
In the text: Binas
militibus militibus, armisque
In the text: munitas
In the text: prommittens
Verrucole Arx verrucosa antiquum
Lunae
In the text: Provincia
14 die Martis anno
Romanarum
From this point on, text continues on a small scrap of paper (XXI). This is the recycled cover of a letter. On the verso is written: “All’Ill.mo Sig.r mio P.ron Colmo
Il Sig.r Antonio Vallisnieri
Franca per Venezia
Padua”
vera tibi consona existimem
Turre Tam elegantissima praefatione ad lectorem versus finem Non
This phrase is written in regular font.
From this point on, text continues on paper XXII.r.
di S. Marcione
Vicus Cornelii Cetheghi Sergii
Iulii
Campus Regis Iani Roscianus
Silano—Vicus Sillae Silicis Silvanius
Niciano. Vicus Niciae—Vicus Niciae Anicii. This last word is written by a different hand (see the following note).
Valerius (from this point on, the list is written and finished by a different hand. The author is Domenico Cecchi. His handwriting was recognized thanks to the the autograph inscription on the first map).
Servilius Geminius
Virginius Tricostus
Cornelius Malugineus
Valerius Messala
Pompeus Magnus
Cerageto—Vicus Curiati Targemini V. Tergeminius Curiatus
Menenius Lanatus
Aurelius Ceretanus
Caius Acatius
Lucretius Tricipitinus
Fabius
Statilius Taurus
Furius Philus
Oppius
Aurelius Costa
Cassius Viscellinus
Elius Tuberus
Accilius Glabria
Calfurnius Bibulus
Lucius Cethegus
Gallus Caninus
Plautus
Fonteius
Papirius
Oratius Paluillus
Publius
Marcus Aemilius
Aemilius Barbula
Elius
Aruntius
Luctatius
Dolobella
Hostilius Mancinus
Ebutius
Caius Fabricius
Publius Cossus
Fabius Ambustus
Ottacillus Crassus
Roggio—L V. Lucius
Popilius
Ventidius Bassus
Lucius Velleius
Curius Dentatus
Calfurnius
Munatius Plancus
Elianus
Fulvius Centimalus
Genutius Clepsina
Capitolinus
Gneus Peticus
Caeso Duillius
Gneus Genutius
Verennius
Lucius Emilianus
Geganio Mamercino
Caecilius Metellus
Livignanus
Cornelius Aruina
Aurelius Orestus
Livius
Vibius
Nautius Rutilius
Vallisneri’s handwriting restarts from this point.
Etc.
Ex Timotheo Tramontio, et Bartholomeo Morgantio Antiquariis
Quae
substratam aeris cupri
quam
condebatur, quae cui
aliquam esse, potius suspicari
citra Serchium Aesarem
quae ex in
scatent aquae, solae
lices
demetant
Lavellius, me fallor, primus fuit, qui harum
Castronovo Caferonianae. Sunt
dies deglutiuntur novantur
ac aliis variis
spemque
remedium sentirent, turmatim
remedium experirentur, turmatim
cachoetees
adsciscunt
oppitulentur
Dolus
undas
ulterius armata ditata
vires perurbana hospitalitate levavimus
omnes favoribus officiis
crateres
omine <…> coronantes coronantes
lalentemque Catonem vidisse
lalentemque minerarum vidisse
grata benevolentia, ac operosa liberalitate hospitalitate
adhucquae
ferventissima defluit cogitur
visceribus defluens fistulato
parites
exustas
corfus
elascescit
Montis (in the manuscript, the order of the words “Montium” and “Euganeorum” has been inverted by marking them with numbers).
Montium, exceptis illis, si
e<x>erruntque
In the text: revocato suo omnibus revocato tono
organulis tono omnibus
eiusdem
generaliter succrescentem enascentem
uterique scelera sordes
supphur
cutaneas miliares glandulas
pigrave ac vapescentis
rationem consceleret coinquinet
qualibet sordida, ac foetenti externa
oppitulantur
paenituit
acris sacendi cognoscendi
praecipua palatis palati
foeminasque comptas magis, quam sumptuosas, lepidulas, atque blandidulas, Veneres
ac maiestate lenitate
Margin note (left): D. Hyeron. Epist.
expolliunt
munera sudata dispensat
amiculis, collipendulis ad
rodentia liquet, qua
In the manuscript, the order of the words “roburque” and “rodendi” has been inverted by marking them with numbers.
fines, quas quos
Areostus tuus, ita
resurgunt. Nil crudius magna parens fabbricare potuit, atque innocentius. Non
praeeunte humanissimo sagacissimo
inexpectata generosa urbanitas
urbanitas illis nobilissimis iuvenis, qui in diversoriolum
urbanitas illis per honestissimi iuvenis, qui in diversoriolum
Obstupui munificam, facilemque
indoles, et venustissima forma lateret
mihi prono pariter interrogante quaerenti
Austriae, se mineris
praeesse
benignumque tam illustris hospitis
itinere, tutis dapibus, securi
recreavimus
auxiliis, auxilia deliciis immiscet
In the text: fumusa
aspectu sanitatis mella recondit salutem
felicissimum hoc aevo nostro nostrum
Patavini munus amabile pensum
scatendibus
calamum meamque mentem adhuc
meamque mentem curiositatem
pensim
splendore, (quicquid caeco impetu ferox, et nimium famae gravis latet invidia) spectatissimus
uliginae
Tabescunt subito, si
Margin note (left): De Gen. Met.
Cur cubo pede igitur dubie eam pede expiscamur ex a
utriusque analysi enchyrisi
foventes essent sunt
permiscua
Sed rursus iterum
horum Alpium montium
eructantur. Cum Quando
nivibus turget gliscit
abserberi
In the manuscript, the order of the words “revocat” and “undas” has been inverted by marking them with numbers.
aequant
superant
hortus
Margin note (left): Nimis implicata <…>i periodus
elegans tacita simulavit
aquas non ingrato tristi
per cadentes obliqua cadentes cadentes exhudiebamus
Margin note (left): Vel transvecti
rumigerulum tranati translati
origo torrentis rivuli
adglutinabat undis, partim spummoso
desserebamus
In the text: transpostant
etiam, subterraneisque occultisque
spiracula reconditer sensim
pelvim descendunt cadunt
ascensum
trahant, sic quoniam
loquor
montis occultis rivulis
From this point on, text at p. 49 continues on an additional paper (XXIII). This is unnumbered, and is written only on the recto.
concrete
recurvae funes labra
non naturae polidedalae
In the text: cogitata subgrundia
From this point on, text continues on p. 49.
This paper is the recycled scrap of a letter. Above in the verso is written: “Orazione del S.r Cataneo”
nives
caederet
aestivis intra urbes ardoribus
mendatio
liberavis
scribo, ut sed
vetavit
In the text: autore
annos <…>l<…>s<…> apertum
alia excipiet, vel excipere deberet narrare
indoles
In the manuscript, the order of the words “marmorum” and “tartarearum” has been inverted by marking them with numbers.
In the text: enucleatione
enucleatio. diaspr<ulos> Hyaspides
videbatur
usus
quisnam
quisnam
monticulis
temperies rimata quaesita
sententiam. Me pudet eos in hoc musarum regno, in hoc bonarum artium emporio delicata tristitia liquescentes, liventique tabo marcidos videre. Pudet edentulam eorum cernere potentiam, segnitiem claram, operosam ineptiam, labores irritos. Sed
teque sartum tectum sospitet
meo Patavino Patavino